Emerging technology Chapter 4 Internet of Things (IoT).pptx

Chapter 4 Internet of Things (IoT).pp

1. Chapter 4 Internet of Things (IoT)

2. Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Describe IoT Explain the history of IoT Discuss the pros and cons of IoT Explain how IoT works Describe the architecture of IoT Identify IoT tools and platforms Discuss application areas of IoT

3. Overview Of IoT What is IoT (Internet of Things)? A system of interrelated computing devices, sensors, machines, or objects that are able to collect and transfer data without human intervention. It connects physical objects to the internet to enable real-time data exchange and automation.

4. 1. Key Features Of IoT Artificial Intelligence (AI) Makes devices "smart" using AI and data Example: Smart fridge reorders milk when low Connectivity IoT forms small-scale networks Devices communicate without needing large providers Sensors Critical for IoT to interact with the physical world They collect real-time data like temperature, motion, or humidity

5. More IoT Features Active Engagement Users interact with services/products in real time IoT encourages more dynamic, real-world interactions Small Devices Devices are compact, cheap, and powerful Enables precise, scalable, and flexible applications

6. What Is IoT? (4.1.1) What is IoT? (Simple Definition) 📡 IoT = Services + Data + Networks + Sensors A network of physical objects (devices, sensors, machines, etc.) connected to the Internet These devices collect, exchange, and act on data without human involvement Examples : Smart refrigerators, wearable health monitors, Ring doorbell, biochip in animals

7. Definitions By Organizations 📘 IAB (Internet Architecture Board) IoT = Networking of smart objects that exist in the environment (buildings, vehicles, etc.) and communicate without human control 📗 IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) IoT = Smart objects with limitations (low power, bandwidth) aiming for interoperability 📙 IEEE Communications Magazine IoT = A system allowing Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication in cloud-based services 📕 Oxford Dictionary IoT = Everyday objects interacting over the Internet to send/receive useful data

8. Characteristics Of IoT Systems Smart objects embedded with sensors, electronics, and network capability Transfer of data happens automatically Human interaction not required Works across physical and virtual worlds Scalable and widely applicable

9. Figure 4.1 IOT In Different Domains

10. Real-world Examples ✅ Smart Homes – Lights, thermostats, security cameras ✅ Smart Cities – Traffic, pollution, waste management sensors ✅ Healthcare – Wearable devices, patient monitors ✅ Agriculture – Soil moisture sensors, automated irrigation ✅ Transport – Connected vehicles and logistics systems

11. Key Benefits Of IoT Greater automation Real-time decision-making Enhanced service delivery Efficient resource utilization Better user experience

12. 4.1.2 History of the Internet of Things (IoT) Historical Timeline of IoT Development 1830s–1840s : Telegraph (first landline) → Enabled machine communication 1900 : First radio voice transmission ("wireless telegraphy") 1950s : Start of computer development 1962–1969 : DARPA → ARPANET → Modern Internet 1980s : Public use of ARPANET → Commercial Internet grows 1993 : U.S. Department of Defense launches 24 GPS satellites 1999 : Term "Internet of Things" officially coined by Kevin Ashton D efense A dvanced R esearch P rojects A gency A dvanced R esearch P rojects A gency NET work

13. 🥤 Fun Fact Early IoT Example (1980s) : A Coca-Cola machine at Carnegie Mellon University reported inventory and temperature status over the Internet.

14. 🧠 Kevin Ashton’s Role In IoT History Coined the term "Internet of Things" in 1999 Promoted the use of RFID for automatic tracking and data gathering Vision: A world where "tagged" physical objects are managed and monitored by computers automatically Sparked global awareness and research into IoT systems R adio F requency I dentification

15. 🌐 4.1.3. IoT – Advantages Improved Customer Engagement ➤ Enables real-time, richer engagement through smart interactions. Technology Optimization ➤ Devices collect usage data, which helps improve functionality and performance. Reduced Waste ➤ Real-world data allows for better resource management and less wastage. Enhanced Data Collection ➤ Goes beyond passive data; offers accurate, detailed insights from devices in their natural environments.

16. 4.1.4. IoT – Disadvantages Increased Security Risks ➤ More devices = more entry points for hackers. System-Wide Bugs ➤ A single flaw can affect many interconnected devices. Compatibility Issues ➤ No global standards = hard for devices from different vendors to work together. Data Management Challenges ➤ Managing data from millions of devices can be overwhelming.

17. 🔧 4.1.5. Challenges Of IoT Security ➤ Continuous connection makes it easier for attackers to exploit. Privacy ➤ IoT can collect personal data without explicit user interaction. Complexity ➤ Involves diverse technologies—hard to integrate and manage. Flexibility ➤ Systems may not work well with each other due to vendor lock-in. Compliance ➤ Meeting legal and regulatory standards is complex due to system diversity.

18. 📝 Activity Question: What are the key IoT challenges? Answer: S ecurity, privacy, complexity, flexibility, complianc e.

19. 4.2. How Does It Work? IoT Ecosystem Key Points: Web-enabled Smart Devices ➤ Use embedded processors, sensors, and communication hardware. Data Flow: ➤ Devices collect , send , and act on environmental data. Communication Pathways: ➤ Data sent to: IoT Gateway or Edge Devices Cloud for analysis or local processing Device Interaction: ➤ Devices may: Interact with other devices Act autonomously Be configured or accessed by users Connectivity & Protocols: ➤ Depend on application (e.g., Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee, LoRaWAN )

20. 4.2. IoT Architecture Overview 4 Major Components of IoT Architecture: Sensing Layer ➤ Detects physical/environmental data ➤ Uses sensors and actuators ➤ Example: Temperature sensors, motion detectors Network Layer ➤ Transfers sensor data to processing centers ➤ Uses wireless or wired communication (Wi-Fi, LTE, 5G) Data Processing Layer ➤ Processes, analyzes, and stores data ➤ Could be on the cloud , edge , or gateway Application Layer ➤ Provides end-user interface ➤ Examples: Smart home app, industrial dashboard

21. Sensing Layer (In Detail) Functions: Detects & Measures real-world physical phenomena. Sensor Hubs: Central points that gather and forward sensor data. Actuators: Perform actions based on sensor feedback (e.g., turn off light, adjust fan). Types of Sensors: Environmental Sensors: Temperature, humidity, air quality Motion Sensors: Accelerometers, gyroscopes Optical Sensors: Cameras, light sensors

22. Figure 4.2 Architecture of IoT

23. 4.2.2 Devices And Networks Content: IoT devices communicate with each other to automate home, industry, and enterprise tasks. Devices fall into three main categories: Consumer : Smart TVs, wearables, smart appliances Enterprise : Smart conference rooms, scheduling sensors Industrial : Smart meters, security systems, smart city solutions Examples: Smart thermostats, lighting, and security are used across all three sectors. In a smart meeting room, sensors adjust temperature and lighting and load presentations automatically.

24. IoT Network Challenges And Requirements IoT networks consist of many resource-constrained devices (low power, low memory). Deployed in diverse environments: smart cities, pipelines, hazardous zones. Efficient management is complex due to: Scalability Interoperability Energy Efficiency Fault Tolerance Quality of Service (QoS) Security Topology Control Note: Traditional management systems are not suitable for these networks

25. Proposed IoT Management Platform – M4DN.Iot Content: M4DN.IoT = Management for Device and Network in the Internet of Things Supports: Local management – in the same environment Remote management – across different networks Key Features: Device discovery Data storage User authority control Web service access Expandable for new device types

26. Figure 4.3 Networked IoT Devices

27. 4.3. IoT Tools And Platforms IoT Platform Key Features KAA Manage an unlimited number of connected devices Set up cross-device interoperability Perform real-time device monitoring Perform remote device provisioning and configuration Collect and analyze sensor data Analyze user behavior and deliver targeted notifications Create cloud services for smart products middleware platform

28. Cont. Site Where Run any number of IoT applications on a single Site Where instance Spring delivers the core configuration framework Add devices through self-registration Integrates with third-party integration frameworks such as Mule Any Point Default database storage is MongoDB Eclipse Californium for CoAP messaging Influx DB for event data storage Grafana to visualize Site Where data

29. Cont. Thing Speak Collect data in private channels Share data with public channels MATLAB analytics and visualizations Alerts and event scheduling App integrations Worldwide community

30. Cont. Device Hive Directly integrate with Alexa Visualization dashboard of your choice Supports big data solutions: Elasticsearch, Apache Spark, Cassandra, Kafka Connect any device Supports batch analytics and machine learning Libraries for Android, iOS, and other languages

31. Cont. Zetta Supports a wide range of hacker boards Allows you to assemble smartphone apps, device apps, and cloud apps Things Board Real-time data visualization and remote device control Customizable rules, plugins, widgets, and transport implementations Monitor client-side and provision server-side device attributes Multi-tenant support Transport encryption for MQTT and HTTP(s)

32. IoT Applications – Overview IoT’s versatility makes it essential across industries: Enhances automation Improves decision-making with real-time data Increases efficiency and reduces costs

33. Cont. Agriculture Indoor: Monitor microclimates for increased yield Outdoor: Smart irrigation & fertilizer systems Sensors detect soil moisture, nutrients, and weather data Reduces water waste Consumer Use Wearables : Fitness trackers, smartwatches, health monitors Smart homes : Remote control of appliances, lights, environment Security : Smart locks and cameras for home access

34. Cont. Healthcare Remote patient monitoring via wearables Smart beds track availability and status Sensors on equipment ensure reliability Detect falls or heart attacks in elderly patients

35. Cont. Insurance Discounts for using health wearables Encourages healthier behavior Allows customized policies based on real-time data Manufacturing RFID & GPS track products through supply chains Sensors monitor equipment to prevent breakdowns Identify production bottlenecks Improve efficiency and reduce waste

36. Cont. Retail/ Selling RFID-based inventory management Targeted promotions via mobile apps Personalized shopping experience Analyze foot traffic and adjust layout/staffing Transportation Self-driving cars GPS-based route optimization City planners use data for traffic, parking, and infrastructure

37. Cont. Utilities Smart meters and sensors monitor usage Automate energy saving (lighting, HVAC) Optimize municipal power grids Faster outage detection and repair

38. 4.3 IoT-based Applications . IOT Enables Smart, Connected Systems That Improve Quality Of Life, Operational Efficiency, And Sustainability. Major Areas: Smart Homes Smart Cities Smart Farming

39. 4.3.1 IoT-based Smart Home Features Remote Control Appliances – Prevent accidents, save energy Weather Monitoring – Humidity, temperature, wind, etc. Smart Appliances – Fridges, ovens, washing machines with mobile control Safety Monitoring – Cameras, alarms Intrusion Detection – Alerts on unauthorized entry Energy & Water Use – Monitor usage, save resources

40. 4.3.2 IoT-based Smart City Applications Structural Health Monitoring – Buildings, bridges Intelligent Lighting – Weather-adaptive streetlights Urban Safety – CCTV, fire detection, alert systems Smart Transportation – Smart roads & highways Smart Parking – Real-time vacant spot detection & reservations Waste Management – Smart bins with RFID for efficient collection

41. 4.3.3 IoT-based Smart Farming Applications Greenhouses – Controlled environments for better yield Compost Monitoring – Avoid mold, maintain conditions Animal Tracking – Monitor livestock in large areas Offspring Care – Safe growth monitoring in animal farms Field Monitoring – Manage watering, fertilizing, electricity

42. Activity 4.9 – Questions ❓ What is the application of IoT in... Agriculture? → Smart irrigation, greenhouse control, livestock monitoring Consumers? → Smart homes, wearables, security Healthcare? → Patient monitoring, smart beds, equipment tracking Insurance? → Fitness tracking for personalized policies Manufacturing? → Asset tracking, predictive maintenance Retail? → Inventory control, customer targeting Transportation? → GPS tracking, route optimization, self-driving cars Utilities? → Energy optimization, outage detection

43. Question ? End