EMOTION.pptx

Santrock defined emotion as ‘the feeling or affect, that can involve physiological arousal, conscious experience and behavioural expression.

1. AN OVERVIEW OF EMOTION Seminar by Arti Sahu Supervised by Dr. Anjana Purohit Department of Psychology

2. CONTENTS Definition of emotion Aspects of emotions Components of emotion Characteristics of emotions Physiological correlates of emotion Theories of emotion The james-lange theory of emotion The cannon-bard theory of emotion Schachter -singer theory

3. DEFINITIONS OF EMOTION Baron, Byrne and Kantowitz stated, ‘By emotion, we mean a subjective feeling state involving physiological arousal, accompanied by characteristic behaviors’. Santrock defined emotion as ‘the feeling or affect, that can involve physiological arousal, conscious experience and behavioural expression.’ Emotion can be defined as the ‘feeling’ aspect of consciousness, characterized by three elements: a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the feeling to the outside world, and aan inner awareness of the feeling.

4. ASPECTS OF EMOTIONS 1. Emotion is a complex state 2. Emotion involves bodily reaction 3. Emotion involves expressive movements 4. Emotion involves feelings.

5. COMPONENTS OF EMOTION Physical component Behavioral component Cognitive component

6. CHARACTERISTICS OF EMOTION 1. Emotion is diffused 2. Emotion is persistent 3. Emotion is cumulative 4. Often emotions are motivational in nature

7. PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF EMOTION External changes: a. CHANGES IN VOCAL EXPRESSION b. CHANGES IN FACIAL EXPRESSION c. CHANGES IN BODILY POSTURES

8. PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF EMOTION Internal changes: 1. Changes in BP 2. Changes in RR 3. Chemical changes in blood 4. Changes in HR and PR

9. THEORIES OF EMOTION The James-Lange Theory of Emotion The Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion Schachter -Singer Theory Cognitive Appraisal Theory Facial-Feedback Theory of Emotion 

10. The James-Lange Theory of Emotion Developed independently in the late 1800s by William James and Carl Lange According to James and Lange, our emotional reactions consist of our physical responses to potentially emotional events in the environment. For example, your HR or BP might increase, you might start sweating, or you might start breathing more quickly.

11. James explained “we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble, and not that we cry, strike, or tremble, because we are sorry, angry, or fearful, as the case may be”. James argues that the sequence of events in experiencing emotion is:

12. The James-Lange Theory of Emotion

13. Criticism The theory was challenged in the 1920s by Cannon–Bard theory, wherein physiological changes follow emotions. Schachter and Singer's two factor theory of emotion states that cognitions are used to interpret the meaning of physiological reactions to outside events. This theory is different in that emotion is developed from not only cognition, but that combined with a physical reaction.   

14. Criticism In 2017, Lisa Feldman Barrett reported that the James-Lange theory was created by the philosopher John Dewey, who would have misrepresented James' ideas on emotion. James never wrote that each category of emotion (fear, anger, etc.) has a distinct biological state. He wrote that each instance of emotion may have a distinct biological state. Barrett said that the experience of emotion is subjective: there is no way to decipher whether a person is feeling sad, angry, or otherwise without relying on the person's perception of emotion.

15. Cannon Bard theory The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, also known as the Thalamic theory of emotion, is a physiological explanation of emotion developed by Walter Cannon and Philip Bard. Cannon-Bard theory states that we feel emotions and experience physiological reactions such as sweating, trembling, and muscle tension simultaneously.

16. Cannon Bard theory The main concepts of the Cannon–Bard theory are that emotional expression results from the function of hypothalamic structures, and emotional feeling results from stimulations of the dorsal thalamus. The physiological changes and subjective feeling of an emotion in response to a stimulus are separate and independent; arousal does not have to occur before the emotion. Thus, the thalamic region is attributed a major role in this theory of emotion. The theory is therefore also referred to as the thalamic theory of emotion .

17. The Cannon-Bard Theory

18. Criticisms The thalamus being a part of the limbic system plays an important part in the experience of emotions, but more recent research suggests that the process is more complex than the Cannon-Bard theory suggests.  Research has shown that when people are asked to make a particular facial expression, such as frowning or smiling, they are more likely to also experience an emotion connected to that expression, which is in opposition to the Cannon-Bard theory.

19. THE SCHACHTER -SINGER THEORY OF EMOTION  Created by researchers Stanley Schachter and Jerome E. Singer. According to this theory of emotion, emotion has two key components: physical arousal and a cognitive label. According to the theory, when an emotion is felt, a physiological arousal occurs and the person uses the immediate environment to search for emotional cues to label the physiological arousal. When the brain does not know why it feels an emotion it relies on external stimulation for cues on how to label the emotion.

20. THE SCHACHTER -SINGER THEORY OF EMOTION  In the Schachter & Wheeler (1962) study, the subjects were injected with epinephrine, chlorpromazine, or a placebo. None of the subjects had any information about the injection. After receiving the injection, the subjects watched a short comical movie. While watching the movie, the subjects were monitored for signs of humor. After the movie was watched, the subjects rated how funny the movie was and if they enjoyed. The results concluded that the epinephrine subjects demonstrated the most signs of humor. The placebo subjects demonstrated fewer reactions of humor but more than the chlorpromazine subjects.

21. THE SCHACHTER -SINGER THEORY OF EMOTION

22. Criticisms  On replication, Marshall and Zimbardo (1979) found that participants were no more likely to act euphoric when exposed to a euphoric confederate than when they were exposed to a neutral confederate. In another study by Maslach , hypnotic suggestion was used to induce arousal rather than injecting epinephrine. The results suggested that unexplained physical arousal was more likely to generate negative emotions no matter which type of confederate condition they were exposed to.

23. Criticisms   Schachter -Singer Theory centers primarily on the ANS and provides no account of the emotional process within the CNS aside from signaling the role of cognitive factors. This is important considering the heavy implication of certain brain centers in mitigating emotional experience (e.g., fear and the amygdala ).  Other criticisms of the two-factor theory include, sometimes emotions are experienced before we think about them.

24. Summary