Emphysema

Emphysema is a lung condition that causes shortness of breath. In people with emphysema, the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are damaged. Over time, the inner walls of the air sacs weaken and rupture — creating larger air spaces instead of many small ones.

1. Emphysema

land enlarged
) \emphysema

2. . Introduction
Emphysema Is A Common Disease
¢ Affects 2 out of 1,000 people

« 1.8 million Americans in the United States

have emphysema. DRx ToniSingh

World Health & Wellness

+ Emphysema is ranked 15th among chronic

conditions or diseases which limit people’s daily

activity e?

3. | « More common in men IES
vs. women Be a
* Studies show that the | TEN
amount of women with | RT IA
the disease is Ae WS
gradually increasing f, AN
+ 44% of people with “a Ait ne lf
emphysema have y
reported that their
daily activities have
been greatly limited
due to the disease
DRx ToniSingh ©

World Health & Wellness‘ *

4. be Emphysema Is a lung disease that is classified as a COPD.
(Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

There are several things that cause emphysema
It can be inherited
Prolonged exposure to environmental toxins

DRS ToniSingh

World Health & Wellness

5. Causes

- Cigarette smoking

- Air pollution

- Gender; men are more
likely to develop
emphysema than women

- People's age; older age is
a risk factor for
emphysema DRx ToniSingh

World Health £ Wellness

82% of cases are related to smoking

6. | - Pathophysiology |

+ Continued exposure to Lungs
noxious substances, such as
cigarette smoke, causes
destruction of the walls of the
alveoli

* The alveolar membrane
surface area decreases, thus
lessening the area available

for gas exchange

DRx ToniSingh

World Health & Wellness

7. + Progressive loss of the respiratory membrane
results in an increased ratio of air to lung tissue

« Diffusion defects start to occur

* The number of pulmonary capillaries in the lung

is decreased and that increases the resistance

to pulmonary blood flow DRx ToniSingh

8. _ Pulmonary hypertension
en Occurs

Right heart failure may

occur

+ Cor pulmonale

(hypertrophy of the right

ventricle)

Cor Pulmonale 3 |

ee a] DRx ToniSingh

World Health & Wellness

9. Causes weakening of the walls of
the small bronchioles and alveoli.

When the walls are destroyed, the en ==

lungs loose their capacity to recoil
and air becomes trapped in the

lungs
Residual volume increases

Vital capacity remains about

normal
DRx ToniSingh

The destroyed lung tissue (called YW World Health & Wellness

blebbs) results in alveolar collapse

10. + To counteract alveolar EY
collapse, patients tend to ‘à
breath through pursed lips. '

= This creates a continued y

a

positive pressure and

ae
prevents alveolar collapse (= - —
+ PaO2 further decreases, which may lead to increased red

blood cell production and polycythemia (an excess of red
blood cells)

+ PaCO2 also increases and becomes chronically elevated

- The body then depends on the hypoxic drive to control

respirations DRx ToniSingh

World Health & Wellness

* Emphysema is characterized by irreversible airway

obstruction

11. o Signs & Symptoms

» Coughing with or without phlegm

(sometimes referred to as “ssmokers cough”)

Dyspnoea (shortness of breath)
Trouble catching one’s breath
Fatigue

Wheezing

Barrel- like distended chest
Lethargy or difficulty concentrating

Difficulty sleeping DRx ToniSingh

World Health & Wellness

12. Physical Changes

The most common physical

change may be in the chest,
which takes on a barrel-like
appearance

Bluish discoloration of the

lips and nail beds

Swelling and increased fluid

in the lungs
DRx ToniSingh

World Health & Wellness

13. Treatment

» STOP smoking (if you smoke) » Pulmonary rehabilitation

>» Bronchodilators (inhalers) OConserve energy, improve stamina, and
jo reduce breathlessness
Ex. Atrovent, Spiriva, Serevent.

Foradil, and Albuterol » Surgery

» Anti-inflammatory medication " physiotherapy
; a f Other things include

OEx. Singulair and Roflim KEN

» Avoid being around smoke and other

» Antibiotics irritante
» Oxygen therapy » Avoiding the cold
DRx ToniSingh

World Health & Wellness.

14. ‘. Physiotherapy Management

> To minimize dyspnoea

positioning-supported sitting or
huffing

- Diaphragmatic breathing

> To establish a coordinated pattern of
breathing

- Shorten expiratory phase and being
inspiration before the airways have a
chance to close down

» To assist in the removal of secretions

» Manual chest therapy-shaking, vibration
or clapping DRx ToniSingh

- Postural drainage Wo World Health & Wellness
cont...

15. 54 To increase the range of movement of the
joints of the thoracic cage

* Free active exercise of the whole spine

- Shoulder girdle retraction and lateral
rotation of arms followed by breathing
control exercise

> To increase exercise tolerance

» Breathing control exercise in relation to
activities of daily livings, eg.walking and
stair climbing

DRx ToniSingh

World Health & Wellness

16. > D enilargement and strain on the right
side of the heart (cur pulmonale}
may occur, resulting in swelling of
the feet and legs.

>» Respiratory infections are frequent
> may often result in hospitalization

> Other possible complications

collapsed lung (are pneumothorax)

and giant bulla. DRx Tonisingh

World Health & Wellness

17. Prognosis

> Mild emphysema- 80% of patients are
alive after 4 years

» Moderate emphysema- 60-70% are alive
after 4 years

» Severe emphysema- 50% are alive after
4 years

» Very severe emphysema- short life
expectancy DRx ToniSingh

World Health & Wellness

18. Prevention

« Live away from
polluted urban
areas

« #1 prevention is to
STOP SMOKING

DRx ToniSingh

World Health & Wellness

19. 2
Thank You

DRx ToniSingh

" World Health & Wellness