Endemic disease

meaning...classification...examples...causes....indications of endemic diseases. It provides general information as per the teaching materials for teachers

1. ENDEMIC DISEASE Presented by: Prashant Dahal BSc. Microbiology 4 th Year

2. References: Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 23 rd Edition Epidemiology by Leon Gordis , 5 th Edition  Dennis O'Neil, Medical Anthropology: Epedemiology ( palomar.edu ) https:// en.wikipedia.org "The Dielmo Project: a Longitudinal Study of Natural Malaria Infection and the Mechanisms of Protective Immunity in a Community Living in a Holoendemic Area of Senegal".  The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene .  51  (2): 123–137.  doi : 10.4269 / ajtmh.1994.51.123 .  ISSN   0002-9637 .  PMID   8074247 RAI, S. K., HIRAI, K., ABE, A., & OHNO , Y. (2002). INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND MALNUTRITION STATUS IN NEPAL: AN OVERVIEW. PUBMED, 8(2), 191-200. NEPAL PUBLIC HEALTH NETWORK. (2011). PUBLIC HEALTH IN NEPAL Center for disease control and prevention (CDC), us, principles of epidemiology on public health. Beaglehole , Robert, Bonita, Ruth,  Kjellström , Tord  & World Health Organization. (‎1993)‎. Basic epidemiology, Updated reprint. World Health Organization . Byjus , learning app, website Most thanks to Mr. Sagar Aryal , Micronotes family

3. HEALTH & DISEASE WHO , “ Health is a state of complete physical, mental, social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity ” Microbiology = free from infection Disease = condition when body physiology or body parts are disturbed or impaired Microbiology “ any health disorder due to infectious organisms”

4. DISEASE OUTBREAK “Sudden appearance of new disease or existing disease with new mode of infection & severity, or increase in number of cases than usual number ” रोग को प्रकोप Eg : in a day care center, if number of diarrheal cases crosses 15, then it is disease outbreak, but less is not Finding of a single case of EBOLA or SARS- CoV

5. Level of Outbreak / Disease [Disease / Outbreak based on pattern of Occurrence ] SPORADIC ENDEMIC EPIDEMIC PANDEMIC

6. ENDEMIC Greek: EN = in / among DEMOS = people Literally : “disease among people” स्थानिकमारी ‍‌‍ [ स्थानिय महामारी ]

7. WHAT ? CDC; “ Constant / Usual presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area or population group, without importation from outside ” We can understand it as like spiny babbler endemic to Nepal , similarly endemic disease i.e. disease confined within a particular group of people and/or geographic location BUT doesn’t mean that it is not / cannot occur in any other place / people

8. Epidemiological Statistic: for a disease to be endemic; Where, = Basic reproduction number S = Proportion of susceptible individuals It means ; each people who becomes infected must pass the infection to one another person on average  

9. Epidemiological representation /Endemic disease chart

10. Based on democratic location, endemic disease can be defined on two levels: Country Basis/Level & World Basis / Level Country basis : Endemic to any specific district or part or region of a country or specific group of population of that country Eg : a ) Sickle cell anemia is Endemic to Western Tharu Community of Nepal b) Dengue, malaria, leishmaniasis and Japanese encephalitis   Endemic to Terai

11. World basis : Endemic to any specific country or continent or geographic region Eg : 1. Chagas disease endemic in Mexico, South and Central America 2. African Sleeping Sickness endemic in Sub-Saharan Africa Common cold endemic through out the World Malaria endemic to Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Middle East A. duodenale Endemic to Europe and Mediterranean Round worm infection is Endemic throughout Globe

12. Classification based on Affected Age Group Hyper-endemic ; disease is constantly present at higher incidence/prevalence rate and affects all age groups equally. Eg ; High BP, arthritis, malaria, etc. Holo-enemic ; disease indicates high level of infection beginning in early life and affecting most of child in population, leading to a state of equilibrium such that the adult population shows evidence of the disease much less commonly. Every age groups are infected, but children show clinical symptoms, while adult do not. Eg ; 1 . Malaria by P. falciparum in several sub-Saharan African region 2. Hepatitis-B in Marquesas island

13. Characters of Endemic Diseases Usually present in uniform number of cases in prevalence area Are not severe or high risk of concern Mostly vector borne type Difficult to eradicate Mostly non contagious

14. Causes of disease being endemic Availability of susceptible host { it is seen in case of endemic plants or animals…not studied / meaningful for human} Availability of suitable pathogen ( E.g. Trypanosoma cruzi is found in South American region but not in African, reverse in case of T. brucei ) Availability of suitable vector (e.g. mosquito absent in cold places so do Dengue & Malaria, Triatoma infestants common in South America so do Chagas disease, tsetse fly inhabitant of tropical African country so do African Sleeping Sickness) Geographic location & climatic condition (e.g. Desert Dermatoses is disease of desert area Thar desert of India) Lack of influence of and to external environment (e.g. HIV was endemic to Africa, till transmitted by tourist to outer world after 1900s // it is still considered endemic to African regions)

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