Endocrine system anatomy presentation pp

Endocrine system

1. Endocrine sytem Dr hafiza shehreen Dpt (king Edward medical university)

2. glands Glands are important organs located throughout the body. They produce and release substances that perform certain functions. 

3. Types of glands Though you have many glands throughout your body, they fall into two types 1- Exocrine gland 2- Endocrine gland

4. Endocrine glands Endocrine glands are part of your endocrine system. They make hormones and release them into your bloodstream. These hormones control a number of important functions in your body, such as: your growth and development metabolism mood reproduction

5. Your endocrine glands include: adrenal glands pituitary gland hypothalamus thyroid pineal gland

6. Exocrine glands Your exocrine glands produce other substances — not hormones — that are released through ducts to the exterior of your body, such as sweat, saliva, and tears. The substances released by your exocrine glands play important roles in your body. They do things like help regulate your body temperature, protect your skin and eyes, and even help mothers feed babies by producing breast milk.

7. Your exocrine glands include: salivary sweat mammary sebaceous lacrimal Lymph nodes are often referred to as glands, but they’re not true glands. They’re part of your  immune system  and help your body fight infection .

8. The endocrine system is made up of different glands that make chemicals called hormones. Hormones act as "messengers" to control many body functions. The endocrine system makes hormones that help control: Growth Reproduction Sexual development Energy Response to physical stress or trauma Levels of water, salt and sugar in the body

9. endocrine glands are the primary hormone producer The brain,heart,lungs,liver,skin,thymus,gastrointestinalmucosa and placenta also produce and release harmones

10. pituitary gland: The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain and is about the size of a pea. It is the master gland in the endocrine system. It regulates the amounts of hormone made by the thyroid gland, adrenal gland, and testes or ovaries. It also makes the hormones prolactin, vasopressin and growth hormone.

11. Secretion from anterior pituitary gland: 1- Growth hormone Are essential for the growth and development of bones, muscle and other organs. It enhances protein synthesis decrease the use of glucose and promotes fat destruction 2-Adrenocorticotropin(ACTH): Essential for the growth and development of the adrenal cortex

12. 3- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormones: • (TSH) are essential for the growth and development of the thyroid gland • 4- Follicle stimulating Hormone: • (FSH) are gonadotropic hormone. It stimulates the growth ,ovarian follicles in the female and the production of sperm in male • 5- Luteinizing Hormone: (LH) is a gonadotropic hormone stimulating the development of corpus luteim the female ovarian follicles and the production of testosterone in male

13. 6- Prolactin: (PRL) stimulates the development and growth of the mammary glands and milk production during pregnancy 7- Melanocyte stimulating Hormones: (MSH) regulates skin pigmentation and promotes the deposit of melanin in the skin after exposure t0 sunlight.

14. Secretion from the posterior lob of Pituitary gland: 1- Oxytocin: stimulates the uterus to contract during labor( delivery).A synthetic version of the hormone used to induce labor is called Pitocin . It also stimulates mammary glands to release milk. 2-Antiduretic Hormone: (ADH) stimulates the reabsorption of water by renal tubes. Hyposcreation of the hormone can result in diabetes insipidus

15. Secretion from Pineal Gland: 1-Melatonin: communicates information about environmental lighting to various part of body has some effect on sleep, awake cycle and other biological events connected to them Such as lower production of gastric secretions at night 2- Serotonin: a neurotransmitter that regulates intestinal movements and affect appetite ,mood, sleep ,anger and metabolism.

16. Thyroid and Parathyroid The thyroid gland and parathyroid glands are located in front of the neck, below the larynx (voice box). The thyroid plays an important role in the body's growth and development, as well as weight and energy. 

17. Secretion of the thyroid gland: 1- Calcitonin: influence bone and calcium metabolism maintain a homeostasis of calcium in blood plasma. 2- Thyroxine and triiodothyronine: essential to BMR - basal metabolic rate ,influence physical,mental development of growth

18. Secretions of Parathyroid gland: The two pairs of parathyroid gland are located on dorsal side of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid(PTH) which play a role in the metabolism of phosphorus. Too little result in cramping. Too much results in osteoporosis or kidney stones.

19. Adrenal Gland The adrenal glands are located on top of each kidney. The adrenal glands make hormones that help the body to deal with stress and illness. The hormones made by the adrenal gland also maintain blood pressure and blood glucose, and play a role in sexual development.

20. Secretions from the adrenal cortex: 1- Cortisol: regulates carbohydrates, protein and fat metabolism has an anti-inflammatory effect help the body cope during times of stress 2- Corticosterone: Like cortisol it is steroid influences potassium and sodium metabolism 3- Aldosterone: • Essential in regulating electrolyte and water balance by promoting sodium and chloride retention and potassium excretion.

21. 4- Androgens: • Several hormones including testosterone they promote the development of secondary sex characteristics in the male.

22. Secretions from the adrenal medulla 1- Dopamine: is used to treat shock it dilates the arteries elevates systolic blood pressure. Increase cardiac output and increase urinary output 2- Epinephrine: is also called adrenalin. It elevates systolic blood pressure. Increase heart rate and cardiac output. Speedup the release of glucose from liver giving a spurt of energy dilates the bronchial tubes and relaxes airways.

23. 3- Norepinephrine: Like epinephrine it release when the body is under stress.It creates the underlying influences in the fight or flight response.

24. Ovaries A female's ovaries are located on both sides of the uterus, below the opening of the fallopian tubes (which extend from the uterus to the ovaries). The ovaries contain the egg cells necessary for reproduction and also produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone. These hormones regulate the menstrual cycle .

25. Secretion of the Ovaries: The ovaries produce several estrogen hormones and progesterone. These hormones prepare the uterus for pregnancy promote the development of mammary glands.play a role in sex drive and develop secondary sex characteristics in female. Estrogen is essential for the growth and development of female sex organs.

26. Testes A male's testes are located in the scrotum. The testes produce testosterone and sperm. The testes produce the hormone testosterone, which is responsible for the development of male characteristics, and protects muscle and bone health.

27. Secretions of the testes: The testes produce the male sex hormones called testosterone. It is essential for normal growth and development of the male sex organs. • Testosterone is responsible for the erection of the penis.

28. Secretions of the placenta: During the pregnancy the placenta serves as an endocrine gland. It produces chronics gonadotropin hormones estrogen and progesterone.

29. Secretions of the gastrointestinal mucosa: The mucosa of the pyloric area of the stomach secretes the hormones gastric which stimulates the production of gastric acid for digestion. The mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum secretes the hormone secretin which stimulates pancreatic juice ,bile and intestinal secretion.