Endoscopy

A brief explanation of endoscopy, Its working, and types

1. endoscopy Presented By: Adithya Surendran AEI , VJEC

2. An endoscopy is a procedure where the inside of your body is examined using an instrument called an endoscope. An endoscope is a long, thin, flexible tube that has a light source and camera at one end. Images of the inside of our body are relayed to a television screen.

3. An endoscope is easily passed through the mouth and throat and into the oesophagus, allowing the doctor to view the oesophagus, stomach, and upper part of the small intestine. An endoscope can also be inserted through a small cut (incision) made in the skin when keyhole surgery is being carried out.

4. When an endoscopy is used An endoscopy can be used to: investigate unusual symptoms help perform certain types of surgery An endoscope can also be used to remove a small sample of tissue for further analysis. Difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia) Persistent abdominal pain Chest pain that isn't caused by heart-related conditions Persistent vomiting Unexplained weight loss Vomiting blood Persistent diarrhoea Some of the Investigating symptoms are:

5. Types of Endoscopies Bronchoscopy  – used to examine the airways if you have a persistent cough or you're coughing up blood Hysteroscopy – used to examine the inside of the womb (uterus) if there are problems such as repeated miscarriages Cystoscopy  – used to examine the inside of the bladder if there are problems such as urinary incontinence or blood in your urine Gastroscopy -If the oesophagus, stomach or first part of the small intestine needs to be examined  Endoscopic Ultrasound   – used to create images of internal organs, such as the pancreas, and take tissue samples

6. Working One of the two main endoscope cables carries light from a bright lamp in the operating room into the body, illuminating the cavity where the endoscope has been inserted. The light bounces along the walls of the cable into the patient's body cavity. The diseased or injured part of the patient's body is illuminated by the light shining in. Light reflected off the body part travels back up a separate fiber -optic cable, bouncing off the glass walls as it goes. The light shines into the physician's eyepiece so he or she can see what's happening inside the patient's body or the fiber -optic cable is directed into a video camera which displays what's happening on a monitor

7. Parts of Endoscope

8. Insertion tube: the insertion tube is inserted in to our body. The insertion tube usually contains Tubes for suction (biopsy), air, and water feeding; Often an additional tube for a forward water jet Four angulation control wires Fine electrical wires connecting the image sensor at the distal tip of the endoscope to the video processor Delicate glass fibers for bringing light from the light source to the distal end of the endoscope. Illumination system: Endoscopes use an incoherent fibreoptic bundle to carry light from the external light source to the distal tip of the endoscope. Light source typically used is 300-W xenon arc lamp to produce the intense, white light   At the other end of the endoscope, the light guide lens at the distal tip of the instrument spreads this light uniformly over the visual field

9. Distal tip: Distal tip is the end of the insertion tube. The image sensor sends a continuous stream of images back to the video processor via fine electrical wires. The objective lens and image sensor are tightly sealed to prevent condensation from fogging the image and to protect the imaging system from damage if fluid were to enter the instrument accidentally.

10. Air, Water, and Suction Systems: Air is used to insufflate patient's body. An air pump in the light source provides air under mild pressure to a pipe protruding from the light source connector of the endoscope. Water, used to clean the objective lens during the procedure, is stored in a water bottle attached to the light source. T he air pump is used to pressurize this water container, forcing water out of the bottle and into the endoscope.  Any fluid (or air) present at the distal tip of the endoscope is drawn into the suction collection system. A suction source, either the hospital’s wall suction system or a portable suction pump, is connected to the light source connector of the endoscope.

11. Advantages: The endoscope is much less invasive than open surgery Allows for descriptive and photographic documentation Low morbidity and mortality Disadvantages: It can only see surface of the organ It can only view small area at a time

12. THANK YOU