Endosulfan

Effects Due to Chronic Exposure

1. ENDOSULFAN ENDOSULFAN

2. Neurotoxic organochlorine insecticide. C9H6Cl6O3S ENDOSULFAN

3. Appearance: Brown crystals Odour: Slight Sulphur dioxide odour Trade names Thiodan Endocide Beosit Cyclodan Malix Thimol Thifor

4. Label Name Level of toxicity Oral  lethal dose  (mg/kg ) Listed chemicals Red label Extremely toxic 1–50 Monocrotophos,zinc phosphide,ethyl mercury acetate & others. Yellow label Highly toxic 51–500 Endosulfan ,carbaryl, quinalphos and others. Blue label Moderately toxic 501–5000 Malathion,thiram ,glyphosate and others. Green label Slightly toxic > 5000 Mancozeb ,   oxyflurfen , mosquito repellant oils and liquids, and most other 

5. T o control insect pests including white flies,aphids , leaf hoppers,  colarado potato beetles   & cabbage worms. As a pre-harvest insecticide on fruits, nuts, vegetables, field & grain crops including rice & ornamentals. U sed on non-food crops such as tobacco & cotton. USES

6. Applied when insects first appear . Repeated applications can be done as necessary. Minimum intervals between last treatment & harvest vary from 15-42 days. TIME OF APPLICATION

7. GABA gated chloride channel antagonist & Ca-Mg ATPase inhibitor Mechanism of action

8. hyperactivity tremors convulsions lack of coordination staggering difficulty breathing nausea and vomiting, diarrhoea, and in severe cases unconsciousness Severe poisoning may result in death within hours or days. Acute Poisoning

9. Doses as low as 35mg/kg were documented to cause death in human beings. Farm workers with chronic Endosulfan exposure are at risk of rashes & skin irritation.

10. Treatment (1)Clothing should be removed & skin washed with soap &water. (2)Gastric lavage . (3)Activated charcoal. (4) Cholistyramine 16g/day in divided doses for several days. (5)Maintain and assure adequate airway,breathing and circulation.

11. (6)Control convulsions with Diazepam followed by phenobarbitone . (8)Calcium gluconate is useful.

12. HEALTH EFFECTS Chronic exposure

13. A story of sufferin g & tragedy in PADRE village, kasargod ………….

14. Kasargod …. Pride with its cashew plantations…….

15. Tea mosquito bug

16. Report published in 1979

17. Shruti , 12 year old girl now the most lucky survivor who is on her way of recovery with in her challenged limitation

18. Human face of pesticides….

19. Sainaba Balakrishnan

20. A cry for life………………….

21. Online edition of India's National NewspaperThursday , Jul 19, 2007 ePaper KeralaNews: ePaper | Front Page| National| Tamil Nadu| Andhra Pradesh| Karnataka| Kerala| New Delhi| Other States| International| Opinion| Business| Sport| Miscellaneous| Engagements| Advts : Classifieds| Jobs| KeralaEndosulfan ‘ victim’dead : Staff Reporter KASARAGOD : A nine-year-old girl, Jumaila , allegedly a victim of Endosulfan , died on Monday after years of treatment. Jumaila , the youngest daughter of N. Muhammad, a resident of Bevincha , Chengala , had been on artificial respiration for the last few days. The family was living at Muliyar near the Plantation Corporation estate where spraying of Endosulfan was held when Jumaila was born. Jumaila began to show symptoms of Endosulfan poisoning when she was six months old. Her bones lost their strength and growth became stunted . Her father, an agricultural labourer, was finding it very difficult to find funds for her treatment. The neighbours of the family said Jumaila did not get benefit from the relief fund announced by the State Government for Endosulfan victims

22. Endosulfan affects nervous system even during gestational period. Significantly associated with neuro -behavioural disorders, cognitive disorders, hydrocephalus, mental retardation, cortical blindness, seizure disorders & Parkinson’s disease. NERVOUS SYSTEM

23. Degeneration of seminiferous tubule epithelium. Reduced sperm count. Altered spermatogenesis and increased number of abnormal sperms. Testicular necrosis. Aspermatogenesis . MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

24. Endosulfan is an endocrine disruptor. It has shown dose related decrease in testosterone, LH & FSH. Associated with precocious puberty, cervical cancer, endometriosis, recurrent abortion & other estrogen dependent disorders. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

25. Endosulfan is associated with many congenital malformations including skeletal & neural abnormalities. Endosulfan shows mutagenic & genotoxic effects in human lymphocytes & liver hepatoblastoma cells. GENOTOXICITY & TERATOGENICITY

26. Suppresses the immune system & promotes allergic responses. Effects include decreased serum Ig G levels, decreased antibody titre to tetanus toxin, inhibition of leucocyte & macrophage migration & enhancing mast cell degranulation . IMMUNE SYSTEM

27. Released in to the environment as a result of its use as an insecticide. Can be transported over long distances in the atmosphere, but the compound is relatively immobile in soils. Endosulfan on crops, usually breaks down in a few weeks, but it sticks to soil particles & may take years to completely break down . It can build up in bodies of animals that live in endosulfan contaminated water. Environmental effects

28. A victim,Leela Kumari Amma , approached a lower court( Munsif court,Hosdurg )in 2001 & the court temporarily stayed aerial spraying of Endosulfan in cashew plantations. In 2003,the High court of Kerala upheld the order of lower court & it permanently stopped Endosulfan spraying. Protests in Kerala

29. The pollution control board of Kerala prohibited the use of Endosulfan on 10 Nov. 2010. Under the Water(Prevention & control of pollution) Act-1974 & Air(Prevention & control of pollution) Act-1981 Any one violating the ban will be punished for up to 6 yrs & with fine. Ban of Endosulfan

30. 1.Medical camps-to identify the victims,early diagnosis and treatment. 2.Provision of comprehensive and free treatment to diagnosed patients. 3.Mobile medical units-for specialised home care for affected patients. 4.Palliative care-to prevent and relieve suffering Rehabilitation in Kerala

31. Scheme under Kerala social security mission. Relief measures to endosulfan victims in the state. Financial assistance-from Dec.2010 onwards. Family pension ‘ Snehasanthwanam ’ Rs.2000/- Bedridden endosulfan victims Rs.1700/- Bedridden endosulfan victims who are getting Rs.300/- as disability pension Rs.1000/- All other endosulfan victims

32. Compensation Bedridden,seriously ill patients and patients who have already died Rs.100000/- Other patients Rs.50,000/-

33. Global ban on the manufacture and sale of endosulfan was negotiated under the Stockholm Convention in April,2011. The ban has taken effect in mid 2012 with certain uses exempted for additional 5 yrs. More than 80 countries had already banned. Still used extensively in India...... India?

34. Say ‘ NO’to endosulfan ……

35. References 1.Report on health effects of Endosulfan & progress of rehabilitation activities in kerala -available from www.cseindia.org>userfiles>endosulfan 2.Sreedhar R.Endosulfan poisoning & the struggle of the community in Kasargod to regain life & living land-available from thanal.co.in>resource>documents> endosulfan 3.Endosulfan https.//en.m.wikipedia.org>wiki> Endosulfan 4.Effects of Endosulfan on human beings- available from www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in>files 5.Tracking decades-long Endosulfan tragedy in Kerala-Down to Earth available from www.downtoearth.org.in>Health>Coverage 6.Ban Endosulfan -Join the Campaign available from www.endosulfan.in