Energy Drinks Module 3 Cells and Energy from Food (1).pptx

biology of energy drinks

1. Unit 02: Energy Drinks Why Biology? Michael Windelspecht © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.

2. How Do We Get Energy From Food? Understanding How the Nutrients Move in and out of the Cell Figure 3.3 (photo):  andresr /Getty Images 2

3. Unit Objectives Summarize why living organisms need energy. Explain the concept of organic nutrients in relation to nutrition. Explain differences between forms of various energy nutrients. Identify the role of the digestive system. Explain how enzymes participate in chemical reactions. Explain how the body processes each class of nutrient enzymes. Summarize the components of a cell involved in producing energy. Explain the role of the plasma membrane. Summarize the processes cells use to release energy from chemical bonds in organic nutrients. Summarize and define the role of energy drinks, caffeine, vitamins, and coenzymes in metabolic reactions. Assess whether the claims of energy drinks are valid. 3

4. How Do We Get Energy From Food? Figure 3.3 Access the text alternative for slide images. (photo):  andresr /Getty Images 4

5. Cells 1 Cells can be: Prokaryotic – lack a nucleus and organelles, include bacteria. Eukaryotic – contain membrane-bound nucleus organelles, include animals, plants, and fungi. The conversion of energy from bonds of nutrients to useable chemical energy (ATP) occurs in two locations: Cytoplasm. Mitochondria. Figure 3.2 Access the text alternative for slide images. 5

6. Cells 2 TABLE 3.1 Functions of Some Common Organelles and Structures of a Human Cell Table divided into 3 columns summarizes Functions of Some Common Organelles and Structures of a Human Cell. The column headers are marked from left to right as: General Function, Organelle, and Structure Description. General Function Organelle Structure Description Information Processing Nucleus Contains the genetic information of the cell. Ribosomes Location where the genetic information is used to manufacture proteins. Energy Mitochondria Convert the energy found in nutrients to a form usable by the cell. Transport and Processing of Nutrients Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Synthesis of proteins (rough ER), lipids (smooth ER), and carbohydrates (smooth ER). Lysosome Digestion of incoming nutrients. Golgi apparatus Processing center of the cell. Isolation Plasma membrane Isolates the cell from its external environment and selectively allows for the passage of materials. Cell Division Centrioles Assist in dividing the genetic material and contents of the cell during cellular reproduction. 6

7. The Mitochondria Mitochondria use oxygen from the air and glucose from food to produce ATP energy, releasing C O 2 as a byproduct. Mitochondria have a series of membranes (cristae) that surround open spaces (matrix). Figure 3.3 Access the text alternative for slide images. (photo):  andresr /Getty Images 7

8. Endosymbiosis Early conditions on Earth lacked oxygen and anaerobic bacteria flourished. Aerobic bacteria evolved and were able to tolerate oxygen. Aerobic bacteria were likely engulfed by anaerobic bacteria and rather than be consumed, formed a symbiotic relationship. Figure 3.4 Access the text alternative for slide images. 8

9. Quick Check 7 Question 12: Select all of the following that are present in a eukaryotic cell but not in a prokaryotic cell. Choose all that apply. a. plasma membrane b. nucleus c. internal compartments d. mitochondria 9

10. How Do Nutrients Get Into Cells? Understanding How the Plasma Membrane Regulates the Passage of Materials Into and Out of the Cell Figure 3.5 Science Photo Library/ Alamy Stock Photo 10

11. The Plasma Membrane 1 The plasma membrane contains two layers of phospholipids, called a phospholipid bilayer. Phospholipids have a hydrophilic polar head and hydrophobic nonpolar tails. This allows them to align so the tails point in toward each other and the heads point away toward the inside of the cell or its outside environment. Figure 3.6 Access the text alternative for slide images. 11

12. The Plasma Membrane 2 TABLE 3.2 Components of the Plasma Membrane Table divided into 2 columns summarizes Components of the Plasma Membrane. The column headers are marked from left to right as: Molecule and Function. Molecule Function Cholesterol Lipid that helps regulate the fluid nature of the membrane. Proteins Variety of functions, including acting as channels through the membrane and signaling to the interior of the cell. Glycoproteins Proteins with carbohydrate molecules attached that serve to identify the function of the cell to other cells and the immune system. Cytoskeleton proteins Interior network of proteins that support the plasma membrane and provide shape to the cell. The plasma membrane contains other components to help it function. The plasma membrane is considered a “ fluid-mosaic model ” as the phospholipids have the ability to move around and form a mosaic pattern with other components. 12

13. Movement of Molecules Materials move through the plasma membrane in 3 ways: Passive transport – energy is not required (diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis), moves with concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached (shown) Active transport – energy is required, impermeable molecules or movement against concentration gradient Bulk transport – uses special vesicles to move large quantities at the same time ( phagocytosis , pinocytosis , receptor-mediated endocytosis ) Figure 3.7 Access the text alternative for slide images. 13

14. Facilitated Diffusion In facilitated diffusion , proteins act as carriers to move materials across the plasma membrane. Materials still move down their concentration gradient, so no energy is required. Glucose and other molecules that are slightly too large to pass through on their own are transported this way. Figure 3.8 Access the text alternative for slide images. 14

15. Osmosis Osmosis is the diffusion of water towards areas of high solute (sugar, salts, dissolved molecules) concentration. Tonicity measure the amount of solute in a solution. Isotonic solutions – same solute concentration inside as outside, no net change Hypotonic solutions – lower solute concentration outside than inside, net movement of water into cell Hypertonic solutions – higher solute concentration outside than inside, net movement of water out of cell Figure 3.9 Access the text alternative for slide images. 15

16. Active Transport Active transport requires an energy source (usually ATP) to move molecules. Molecules are moved against their concentration gradient (from low concentration to high concentration). The sodium potassium pump is an example of active transport. Figure 3.10 Access the text alternative for slide images. 16

17. Quick Check 8 Question 13: Select all of the following that are passive processes. Choose all that apply. a. facilitated diffusion b. sodium-potassium pump c. diffusion d. osmosis 17

18. How Do Cells Convert Food to Energy? Understanding How Cells Release the Energy in the Chemical Bonds of Organic Nutrients Figure 3.13 Gary Carlson/ Science Source 18

19. Cellular Respiration Figure 3.14 Cellular respiration uses 4 stages (shown) to break down the chemical bonds of organic nutrients into usable ATP energy. ATP can be produced by 2 methods: During the breaking of chemical bonds, some of the energy released is harvested directly to add a phosphate to ADP, making ATP. High energy electrons are harvested by carrier molecules and their energy is recovered during the electron transport chain to create ATP. Access the text alternative for slide images. 19

20. Glycolysis Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration and occurs in the cytoplasm. It has 2 phases: the energy investment phase and the energy releasing phase. Glycolysis breaks a 6-carbon glucose molecule in half, making 2 pyruvate molecules. Glycolysis uses 2 ATP and produces 4 ATP, creating a net 2 ATP molecules. High energy electrons are released and stored in N A D + as NADH . Figure 3.15 Access the text alternative for slide images. 20

21. The Prep Reactions and the Citric Acid Cycle Figure 3.17 The prep reactions and citric acid cycle occur in the mitochondria. Two acetyl CoA molecules enter the prep reactions, producing 2 ATP molecules. All of the C-C bonds in the original glucose molecule have been broken. Carbon dioxide is released. Electrons are released and carried by N A D + and F A D as NADH and FADH 2 . Access the text alternative for slide images. 21

22. The Electron Transport Chain Most ATP generated during cellular respiration is created through the electron transport chain. Proteins on the inner membrane of the mitochondria take high energy electrons from NADH and FADH 2 and use that energy to move proton ions across a membrane. This creates an electrical gradient that is used to create ATP. Oxygen is used to accept the electrons, generating water. Figure 3.18 Access the text alternative for slide images. 22

23. The Alternate Fate of Food A single glucose molecule generates 36-38 ATP molecules. A single fat molecule can generate up to 108 ATP molecules, however, they take longer to process. Protein can be used as an energy source with amino acids entering the respiration pathway. Amino acids must be deaminated by the liver before being used to generate energy, so are used after glucose and fats. Figure 3.19 Access the text alternative for slide images. (photo): C Squared Studios/Getty Images 23

24. Quick Check 9 Question 14: Which of the following pathways generates the majority of the ATP from energy nutrients? a. the prep reactions b. the citric acid cycle c. glycolysis d. the electron transport chain Question 15: Which of the following pathways does not occur in the mitochondria? a. the electron transport chain b. glycolysis c. the citric acid cycle d. the prep reactions 24