Eng principles of human developmet

Principles of human development (BA II year IV sem developmental psychology)

1. Principles of Human Development Dr. Rajesh Verma Asst. Professor in Psychology Govt. College Adampur, Hisar, Haryana

2. Introduction Development is unique psycho-biological phenomena to every human being in its manifestation but the process is similar, organize, sequential and logical which is based on certain inherent patterns. These pattern are called as the ‘ Principles of Human D evelopment ’. These principles helps us in predicting the process of development to a certain degree of accuracy.

3. The development follows three Universal Biological and 9 General Principles. Biological Principles: 1. Cephalocaudal 2. Proximodistal , & 3. Orthogenetic.

4. General Principles: 1 . Principle of Continuity, 2. Principle of lack of uniformity in the rate of development, 3. Principle of individual differences, 4. Principle of uniformity of pattern, 5. Principle of proceeding from general from specific responses , 6. Principle of integration, 7. Principle of interrelation, 8. Principle of interaction , and 9. Principle of predictability,

5. Biological Principles

6. 1 . Cephalocaudal – It means ‘head to toe’. Cephalic means ‘Head’ region while Caudal means ‘Tail’ region. The development of area near to main neural region (head) than the area distant from it. The infants head is proportionately larger than the body due to which infants while crawling uses the arms earlier than legs. It indicates that the head develops before the body in the prenatal period (prior to 5 months). Courtesy: www.nursingdaddy.com /

7. 2. Proximodistal – The proximo means ‘near’ and distal means ‘far’. The prenatal development from 5 months until birth when the fetus' body grows from the ‘inside’ of the body ‘outwards’. It refers to development that proceeds from the centre of the body and moves towards the extremities .

8. 3. Orthogenetic – It is also known as progressive evolution. The development of all aspects of functioning (including cognition, perception, etc.) progresses from lack of differentiation to increasing differentiation, articulation, and hierarchic integration ( Heinz Werner, 1975) . The development of simple skills before complex skills is a type of orthogenetic development.

9. General Principles

10. General Principles: 1 . Principle of Continuity – It means development is continuous through out life cycle. It’s a gradual and incessant modification in both the domains (Psychological and physiological) of human being. 2. Principle of Lack of Uniformity in the Rate of Development – Although it is continuous but the rate of development is not uniform in cognitive, physical aspects and stages of human beings. For example in two children the height may increase at varying rate, similar is the case with emotions. 3. Principle of Individual Differences – The genetic make up of every human being is unique and exclusive. Hence, the development is accordingly distinct in all dimensions.

11. 4. Principle of Uniformity of P attern – The pattern of development is uniform and universal in its scope. The development of cognitive abilities, language development, learning to walk etc. develops in a definite and uniform pattern with distinct rate and manifestation. 5. Principle of Proceeding from General from Specific Responses – According to this principle child learns to respond in general terms than gradually picks up specific responses. For example while waving the child initially uses full arm and then learns to wave only palm similar is the case with language where she address all individuals mummy and papa etc.

12. 6. Principle of I ntegration – The development is from specific to whole and from whole to specific ( Kuppuswami , 1963) that means it is a integrated effort of all parts and organs of the body. 7. Principle of I nterrelation – A famous quote, “Healthy mind resides in healthy body”, which indicates that the development of one organ is directly or indirectly related to the development of other organ/s and body parts. The poorly developed brain can lead to poor emotional and intellectual responses. 8. Principle of I nteraction – The active interaction of internal and external forces results in comprehensive development. For example “Nature v/s Nurture” example suggests the significant role of genes and psycho-social environment in development.

13. 9. Principle of Predictability – As we have discussed that development follows the principle of uniformity of pattern and continuity which refers to that its sequence can be predicted. For example ‘Babinski’ is a reflex found in newborn babies that disappears at the age to 8 to 12 months etc.

14. References: (i) NCERT , XI Psychology Text Book. (ii) Mangal , S. K. (2017). Advanced Educational Psychology, 2 nd ed. Delhi: PHI Learning. ( iii) http:// www.psychologydiscussion.net/educational-psychology/principles-of-human-growth-and-development/1813 ( iv) https:// study.com/academy/lesson/principles-of-growth-and-development.html. (v) http:// www.shareyouressays.com/knowledge/12-main-principles-of-growth-and-development-of-children/116600. (vi) https://dictionary.apa.org/orthogenetic-principle

15. Next Lecture Biological factors in Human Development

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