engineeringpressurevesselsintroduction1.pptx

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1. PRESSURE VESSEL INTRODUCTION Ir. Sadani

2. Definitions of Pressure Vessels Typical Components of Pressure Vessels Classification of Pressure Vessels Uses of Pressure Vessels ASME Codes Used for Pressure Vessels Design Criteria Comparison Of Pressure Vessels Designed Under the Standard Codes Non-Destructive Tests Performed On Pressure Vessels Leak- Testing Methods On Pressure Vessels AGENDA

3. A pressure vessel is a closed container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure substantially different from the gauge pressure. Pressure Vessels are defined in ASME Section VIII, Div 1 introduction: “ Pressure Vessels are containers for the containment of pressure either external or internal. The pressure may be obtained from an external source, or by the application of heat from a direct or indirect source, or any combination thereof.” DEFINITION

4. Cylindrical or Spherical Shell Formed Heads Blind Flanges, Cover Plates, Flanges Openings And Nozzles Supports PRESSURE VESSEL COMPONENT

5. Based on Manufacturing Methods: Welded Vessels Forged Vessels Multiwall Vessels Multiwall Wrapped Vessels Band Wrapped Vessels Based on Manufacturing Materials: Steel Vessels Non Ferrous Vessels Non Metallic Vessels Based on Geometric Shapes: Cylindrical Vessels Spherical Vessels Rectangular Vessels CLASIFICATION OF PRESSURE VESSEL

6. 4) Combined Vessels Based on Installation Methods: Vertical Vessels Horizontal Vessels Based on Pressure-Bearing Situation: Internal Pressure Vessels External Pressure Vessels Based on Wall Thickness: Thin Wall Vessel Thick Wall Vessel Based on Technological Processes: Reaction Vessel Heat Exchanger Vessel Separation Vessel Storage Container Vessel

7. Based on Operating Temperature: Low Temperature Vessels(less than or equal to -20°C ) (<=-4 F) Normal Temperature Vessels(Between -20°C to 150°C) (-4 o F to 302 o F) Medium Temperature Vessels(Between 150°C to 450°C ) (302 o F to 842 o F) High Temperature Vessels(more than or equal to 450°C) (>=842 o F) Based on Design Pressure: Low Pressure Vessels(0.1MPa to 1.6MPa ) (14.5 psi to 232 psi) Medium Pressure Vessels(1.6MPa to 10MPa ) (232 psi to 1450.4 psi) High Pressure Vessels(10MPa to 100MPa ) (1450.4 psi to 14500.8 psi) Ultra High Pressure Vessels(More than 100MPa ) (> 14500.8 psi) Based on Usage Mode: Fixed Pressure Vessel Mobile Pressure Vessel

8. Industrial compressed air receivers Domestic hot water storage tanks Diving cylinders Recompression chambers Distillation towers Autoclaves Oil refineries and petrochemical plants Nuclear reactor vessels Pneumatic And Hydraulic Reservoirs Storage vessels for liquified gases such as ammonia, chlorine, propane, butane, and LPG . USED OF PRESSURE VESSEL

9. ASME BPVC Section II Part A - Ferrous Material Specifications Part B - Nonferrous Material Specifications Part C - Specifications for Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals Part D - Properties (Customary) Part D - Properties (Metric) ASME BPVC Section V - Non destructive Examination PRESSURE VESSEL CODES

10. ASME Section VIII : Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) Division 1- Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels Division 2 - Alternative Rules Division 3 - Alternative Rules for Construction of High Pressure Vessels PRESSURE VESSEL CODES

11. Selection Of The Type Of Vessel: The operating temperature and pressure. Function and location of the vessel. Nature of fluid. Necessary volume for storage or capacity for processing Design Loads Materials Allowable Stress DESIGN CRITERIA

12. It e m IS-2825 ASME Code Section VIII BS-5500 AD- Merkblatter Sco pe Unfired fusion welded pressure vessels Pressure < 20 N/mm2 Do/Di < 1.5 Di > 150 mm Water capacity > 50 litres Welded, riveted, forged and brazed vessels Water capacity>120 gal Operating pressure > 15 psi Di>6” Unfired fusion welded pressure vessels Medium and high pressure storage vessels Excludes tran spo r tab le vessels. Do/Di < 1.7 Vessels and vessel parts predominantly under static load. m ate r i a ls Carbon and low alloy steels, high alloy steel, Cu and Cu alloys, Al and alloys, bolting and casting alloys Same as IS-2825 Cast iron, lined material cast iron, ferritic steel Composite Materials Carbon, ferritic alloy(low and high) and austenitic steels All metallic materials and graphite, glass. OTHER STANDARD OR CODES

13. Item IS-2825 ASME Code Section VIII BS-5500 AD- Merkblatter Design Maximum working Maximum pressure Maximum Based on pressure pressure including at most severe pressure at permissible service static head + 5% conditions most severe pressure maximum working conditions pressure. Design Highest metal Actual metal Actual metal Highest tempera- temperature expected temperature temperature temperature ture under operating expected under expected under expected under conditions operating conditions operating working conditions conditions + margin for uncertainties COMPARATION OF PRESSURE VESSEL CODES OR STANDARD OTHERS

14. CODE OR STANDARD Tensile Stren g h (N/m 2 ) Yield strength (N/m 2 ) S r (rupture stress) (N/m 2 ) Creep stress (N/m 2 ) ASME: VIII Div-1 3.5 1.6 - 1 ASME: VIII Div-2 3 1.5 - - BS-1515 4 - - - BS-1515 Part II 2.5 1.5 1.5 1 BS-5500 2.35 1.5 1.3 1 ANCC - 1.5 1.5 - IS-2825 3 1.5 1.5 1 COMPARATION OF PRESSURE VESSEL CODES OR STANDARD OTHERS

15. The five principle methods of NDT used are: Visual testing (VT) Penetrant testing (PT) Magnetic particle testing (MT) Ultrasonic testing (UT) Radiographic testing (RT) NDE ON PRESSURE VESSELS

16. There are many different methods for pressure and leak testing in the field. Seven of these are: Hydrostatic testing Pneumatic or gaseous-fluid testing Combined pneumatic and hydrostatic testing Initial service testing Vacuum testing Static head testing Halogen and helium leak detection test TEST PRESSURE OR LEAK TEST

17. DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS:- Pressure Vessel is contain following main equipment. SHELL DISHED END [ D’END] NOZZLES MANWAYS LUGS SUPPORTS

18. The thickness of shell is depending upon the type of shell and stresses. Generally Shell can be classified in 2 categories. Cylindrical Shell Spherical Shell Stress can also classified in 2 categories. Circumferential Stress Longitudinal Stress Thickness for Cylindrical Shell :- Circumferential Stress t = PR +C.A. OR P = SEt + C.A. SE - 0.6P R + 0.6t Longitudinal Stress : - t = PR +C.A. OR P = 2SEt + C.A. 2SE + 0.4P R - 0.4t

19.  Thickness for Spherical Shell :- t = PR +C.A. OR P = 2SEt + C.A. 2SE - 0.2P R + 0.2t Here, P = Internal Design Pressure t = Minimum Required thickness of Shell in inches. R = Inside radius of Shell S = Maximum Allowable Stress value in Psi E = Joint Efficiency There are many Types of Dished-End like :- Hemispherical head Elliptical Head Torispherical Head Conical Head Toriconical Head

20. For spherical shells / head : t = P x R / (2SE - 0.2P) ….for Thickness P = 2SEt / (R + 0.2t)….for MAWP For Ellipsoidal Heads : ( 2 : 1 type) t = P x D / (2SE - 0.2P) ….for Thickness P = 2SEt / (D + 0.2t) ….for MAWP For Torisph. Heads : ( L = Crown Rad., r = 0.06 x L ) t, = 0.885 x P x L / (SE - 0.1P)… for Thickness P = SEt / ( 0.885L + 0.1 t ) … for MAWP

21. T = P D + C.A. 2Cos ά (SE - 0.6P) Conical Head T = PDi + C.A. 2Cos  (SE - 0.6P) Here, Di = L X 2Cos  Toriconical Head

22. NOZZLES

23. GENERAL NOTE: This figure illustrates a common nozzle configuration and is not intended to prohibit other configurations permitted by the Code. NOTES: (1) Includes consideration of these areas if S n / S v < 1.0 (both sides of centerline). (2) This formula is applicable for a rectangular cross ‐ sectional element that falls within the limits of reinforcement.

24. ASME Section VIII Div. 1 and 2. Pressure vessels Hand Book edition 12. Structure Analysis and Design of Process Equipment Google Search REFRENCES

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