ENGLISH GRAMMAR - PARTS OF SPEECH AND TENSES

Lecture presentation

1. ENGLISH grammar: parts of speech Prepared by: francis Fumoloh foche

2. coverage Week Days Topic Week 1 18 th – 23 rd Monday 18 th Parts of speech Tuesday 19 th Parts of speech Thursday 21 st Determiners, quantifiers & articles Week 2 26 th – 30 th Tuesday 26 th Tenses Thursday 28 th Tenses Saturday 30 th Syntax, Synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, homophones, homographs, heteronyms Week 3 2 nd – 6th Thursday 4 th Vocabulary: Spelling Rules – Spelling drill & Dictation, Composition Friday 5 th Pucntuation and Capitalization

3. Introduction to Parts of speech

4. What do we mean by parts of speech How many parts of speech are there? Take example from the PARTS OF A HOUSE Blocks walls Door frames window frames Cement roof doors windows As we need all the above in right way to make a good house, in the same way do we need the various parts of speech to make a good sentence

5. The house and it’s parts Roof Blook or brick Foundation Pillar Door Mortar: glue window

6. Bad English = bad house

7. Say bye bye …

8. Parts of speech How many parts of speech are there? 8 10 11 12 Total = 8 + Noun Pronoun Verb Adverb Adjective Preposition Conjunction Interjection Determiners – articles & quantifiers

9. It’s quite important to recognize parts of speech. This helps you analyze sentences and understand them. It also helps you construct good sentences Why know the parts of speech?

10. noun A noun is a naming word. It is the name of a person, place, animal, or thing Examples: Francis, Sudan, Asma, Abu Dhabi, Bingo,

11. KINDS OF NOUN PROPER NOUN used for a ‘particular’ person, place or thing . Its first letter is written in a capital letter both in the beginning and middle of a sentence . Examples: asma Nelkon and not nelkon sudan dubai america - IS THIS CORRECT? Sudan Dubai America A sma

12. Common noun It is used for all things or persons of ‘one kind’ or ‘same class’. When used in the middle of a sentence, it is not written in capital letters. Examples: B oys play football. Some b oys love cricket. C ow grazes in the field. The c ow is grazing in the field T eacher teaches in a school. We learn from the t eacher. D octor cures his patient We are treated by the d octor

13. Collective Noun It is used for ‘group of similar’ things, persons or places. It is also not written in capital letters when used in the middle of a sentence. Examples T eam of football Our football t eam plays well. A udience enjoyed the concert. The a udience applauded him A rmy marched ahead. The Sudanese a rmy is strong F leet of vehicles drove out. He owns a f leet of vehicles

14. Abstract noun It is used for a ‘quality, state or concept’ of a person or thing. Unlike other kinds of nouns, it cannot be seen or touched but only felt. Example: The Indian hockey team is full of enthusiasm . Childhood is the best time in man’s life. Everyone envies his intelligence .

15. countable and uncountable nouns Countable nouns can be counted in terms of number. They have singular and plural forms For example: one boy, two boys, three boys, etc. one car, two cars, three cars, etc one house, two houses, three houses, etc

16. Uncountable nouns cannot be counted in terms of number They do not have ‘singular’ or ‘plural’ forms. They fall into the following groups: • mass/quantity: sugar, sand, hair, dust, etc. • liquids: water, milk, oil, ink, honey, etc. • gases: steam, mist, nitrogen, air, etc. • abstract nouns: names, states, qualities, processes, actions, ideas, etc. such as courage, happiness, freedom, attention, childhood, honesty, enjoyment. • branches of learning: Economics, Mathematics, Politics, etc.

17. Notes There are some uncountable nouns which we refer to in parts. When we do so, we use them with expressions such as piece of, grain of, a kilo of, etc. Here is a list of such expressions: a piece of chalk a piece of information a cake of soap a piece of furniture a block of ice a loaf of bread a piece of advice a log of wood The plural form of these expressions: pieces of chalk, cakes of soap, etc

18. Genders of noun Gender is used to indicate the sex of the noun. There are FOUR kinds of genders. 1. Masculine gender : It refers to a male character or member of a species. Example words: man, lion, hero, boy, horse, nephew, emperor, bull, actor

19. Gender of nouns continued … 2 . Feminine gender It refers to a female member of a species. Examples: woman, lioness, heroine, girl, mare, niece, empress, cow, actress. 3. Common gender : refers to such a member of a species that can either be a male or a female. Examples: child, student, friend, applicant, candidate, member, parliamentarian, leader. 4. Neuter gender: It refers to such a member of a species that is neither a male nor a female. Normally nouns referring to lifeless objects are neuter nouns. Examples: chair, table, tree, star, mountain, street, book, car, school, paper, pencil, computer.

20. notes Collective nouns, even if they refer to living beings, are treated as neuter gender. Example: The army is doing its job. The police was called to manage the situation and it managed it well

21. Pronoun what is a pronoun? A pronoun is a word used in the place of a noun. Singular Pronouns : I, you, he, she, it, each, everyone, one, me, him, his, her, this, etc. Plural Pronouns : they, both, few, those, these, them, etc. Pronouns which could be either singular or plural : who, which, what, that, etc. The noun that a pronoun stands for is known as an antecedent Example: I saw Francis and gave him the money There are up to 10 kinds of pronoun Personal Possessive Refexive Emphatic Demostrative Indefinitive Distributive Reciprocal Interrogative Relative

22. Kinds of pronoun 1. Personal Pronoun: It is called ‘Personal’ because it refers to the following three persons :

23. Cases of personal pronouns Example: I am a bachelor. S We are university students. S You are always late. S He is a chartered accountant. S She is known for her cookery classes. S They offered to help us . S + O We shared the money among us and I saved mine S + O + P

24. Possessive pronoun It is used to indicate possession or sense of belonging Examples This book is his . That house is mine. Where is your umbrella? Exercise He gave her pen. Did you give him books? her his

25. Reflexive pronoun It is used to reflect the actions done by the subject upon itself. In other words, it refers to the same person as the object to the verb. It is formed by adding -self/-selves to the personal pronoun. Example: She is very proud of herself . I am blaming myself for this decision. He hurt himself while packing the boxes. They called the meeting themselves . Exercise You gave this nice gift? We prepared the food yourself ourselves

26. Emphatic pronoun It is used to emphasize the actions done by the subject. Like reflexive pronoun, emphatic pronouns are formed by adding -self/-selves to the personal pronoun. However, the two differ in the meaning they give in the sentence and the sentence structure they follow. A reflexive pronoun tends to answer the question ‘whom’, while an emphatic pronoun lends emphasis or pressure to the subject of the verb. In a sentence, the emphatic pronoun comes immediately after the personal pronoun while the reflexive pronoun comes after the verb Example: I myself offered to drive their car. She herself decided not to participate in the quiz competition. You yourself wash the dresses. They themselves broke the rule. Exercise He broke the door We told her the bad news himself ourselves

27. ADJECTIVE what is an adjective? An adjective is a word that describes or qualifies a noun. A noun may have many attributes. For example, ‘Boy’ is a noun, that boy may be tall or short, intelligent or foolish, educated or uneducated, rich or poor. What is the quality of that boy? In order to express the quality of that boy, we have to use an adjective. Asma is a beautiful girl He is tall and handsome N ada is intelligent

28. Kinds of adjective there are 2 most common kinds Adjective of Quality It answers the question ‘what type’ and tells the quality of a noun. Examples: Their good performance was applauded by many. Mr Francis is an honest technologist. The big mosque might was constructed 90 years ago Their excellent marketing strategy bagged them the business deal. 2. Adjective of Quantity It answers the question ‘how much’ and tells the quantity of a noun. Example: I know little about music. Adding some sugar will make the coffee tastier. We have enough raw materials to finish the order

29. Using adjectives adjectives can be used in two ways Attributively if it is placed immediately before the noun it qualifies Examples: T he old woman lives beside us T he tall man could not be brought down T he young dog ran faster than the rest Predicatively if it is used after the verb. Examples: The woman is old and cannot walk The man is tall and handsome The dog is young and so runs faster

30. Adjectives - exercise Identify the adjectives in the following sentences and state which nouns they qualify. Rich people live in beautiful houses The fat girl loves eating greasy and cheap snacks Our infamous `team is strong and will certainly win their popular opponent The pain of childbirth is most experienced by skinny women Childbirth is really painful Her tedious job makes her aggressive all the times

31. VERB A verb is an action word A verb indicates the action done by the subject or the state of being of the subject. Example: He constructed the house alone (action) built Abdul is happy (state) The sun rises in the east. He has ordered tea for us. Mahmoud is intelligent and always look positive

32. Types of verb two main types Main verb - It does not need or depend on another verb to give meaning in a sentence Examples: I sing whenever I am happy I danced at the wedding party yesterday I pray 3 times everyday Auxiliary verb or helping verb It helps the main verb complete its sense in a sentence Also determines the tense of the main verb in a sentence On its own, it does not convey a particular meaning so depends on the main verb Auxiliary verbs are divided into primary and modal To be, to have & To do

33. Auxiliary Verbs and their Forms

34. Auxiliary verbs – examples Primary auxiliary verb I have to be in at work before 8 am tomorrow Do you want some more sugar in your tea? She was asked to sign to the documents quickly I went to the market … main verb conjugated I did go to the market yesterday…… go in infinitive I did not go to the market yesterday Modal auxiliary verb I could not reach the station on time. We should do our home work always. I can teach you functional English They will travel next week We can see that a modal verb determines the mood of another verb in a phrase

35. More on modal verbs Modal verbs are used to indicate the mood or attitude of the speaker. They indicate the following moods or attitudes. • Seeking or giving permission • Giving advice • Making suggestion • Conveying ability • Expressing possibility • Making promise • Showing intension • Expressing compulsion and obligation • Expressing necessity • Imposing prohibition • Asking for things or favour • Making polite requests.

36. Verb Forms On the basis of verb forms, verbs can be classified as

37. ADVERBS An adverb is a word which modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb in a given sentence. Example: She is reading very fast. She is a very intelligent girl. The horse runs very quickly. Note: Usually the adverbs end with – ly . Other adverbs include only are: just, nearly, hardly, almost and scarcely always, often, rarely, never, ever, generally, usually, sometimes, occasionally,

38. PREPOSITION A preposition is a word that is placed before a noun or a pronoun or a noun-equivalent and shows some relationship between that and some other word in the sentence. Normally, a preposition is used after the verb and before object in a sentence. The closer it is to the object, the easier it is to understand its meaning Simple prepositions include to, in, on, after, at, with, under, above, etc Complex prepositions include due to, along with, because of, apart from, etc

39. The glass is on the table. I depend on him. Go away from here. He is fond of playing. She was well until a few days ago. She applied for the vacant post You ought to feel ashamed of your conduct I congratulate you on brilliant success. I am confident of success. I have no confidence in this man Do not laugh at others. The rat is afraid of the cat. I could not agree with him. (with a person) He did not agree to my proposal. (to something) He is angry with his son for not going to school. The manager is very angry at his misconduct M y IELTS exam is in Febr ua ry My IELTS exam is on February 19 th .A cow feeds on grass I feel very thankful to you for this advice. I am disappointed with you

40. Difference between adverb and preposition A preposition always requires an object in a statement Whereas an adverb does not always require an object . The noun, pronoun, or noun-equivalent before which the preposition is placed is called its object

41. CONJUNCTION A conjunction is a word which connects words, phrases, clauses or sentences. It also brings about relationship between the elements which are thus joined.

42. Conjunction – types There are two main types of conjunctions Coordinate conjunctions (4 types) Words like ‘and’, ‘but’, ‘for’, ‘or’, ‘but’, ‘otherwise’, ‘else’, ‘also’, ‘either’…or’, ‘neither…nor’ ‘Not only............but also’, ‘both............and’, ‘as well as’, ‘too’, ‘also’, ‘moreover’ ‘Only’, ‘however’, ‘but’, ‘still’, ‘yet’, ‘whereas’, ‘nevertheless’ ‘Therefore’, ‘hence’, ‘so’, ‘consequently’, ‘for’ Subordinate Conjunctions Words like ‘B efore ’, ‘such a’, ‘so that’, ‘W hether …. O r’

43. CONJUNCTION - examples He went to hospital and met the doctor. Dr Rao and Dr Reddy are the best friends. The manager as well as the supervisor has agreed to conduct the training next week. She is good neither at games nor at studies. Work hard, otherwise you will fail. She was angry, but she kept quiet. She hates me, yet I love her He is honest and amiable, hence is revered We eat so that we may live. He behaved in such a manner that all disliked him. I do not know whether she is lying or not

44. INTERJECTION Interjections are small words that bear no grammatical connection with the sentences in which they are used. They express the emotion or sentiment of the speaker or convey hesitation or protest. They are usually followed by an exclamation mark

45. Determiners, Quantifiers and Articles Determiners, quantifiers, and articles are the little words that precede and modify nouns in sentences. A determiner indicates reference to something specific or something of a particular type. This function is usually performed by articles, demonstratives, possessive determiners, or quantifiers there are only three articles — ‘a’, ’an’, ‘the’ —

46. Types of Determiners There are four types of determiners:

47. Quantifiers These are the words that precede and modify nouns. They state precisely or suggest approximately the amount or the number of a noun (They quantify). Quantifiers are commonly used before either countable or uncountable nouns. Selecting the correct quantifier depends on your understanding of the distinction between Countable and Uncountable Nouns.

48. Using quantifiers correctly The following quantifiers will work with countable nouns, e.g. cars many cars a few cars few cars several cars a couple of cars none of the cars The following quantifiers will work with countable nouns, e.g. food not much food a little food little food a bit of food a good deal of food a great deal of food no food

49. Using quantifiers correctly The following quantifiers will work with both countable and uncountable nouns: all of the cars/food a lot of cars/food some cars/food lots of cars/food most of the cars/food plenty of cars/food enough cars/food a lack of building/food

50. Articles There are only 3 articles – ‘the’, ‘a’ and ‘an’ Like quantifiers, articles are words that precede and modify nouns. ‘A’ and ‘an’ are indefinite articles , while ‘the’ is a definite article . ‘A’ or ‘an’ is used before a singular countable noun. The choice between ‘a’ and ‘an’ wholly depends on the pronunciation of the word they precede. In English, the ‘spelling of a word’ sometimes is different from the ‘pronunciation’ of the word. ‘An’ is used before the words the pronunciation of which starts with vowel sound.

51. Using articles correctly The indefinite article ‘a’ is used before: a) a word beginning with a letter having a consonant sound. Example: a book, a man, a dinner. b) a word that begins with the letter (like O) with the sound ‘ wa ’. Example: a one-rupee note, a one-eyed man, etc. c) a word beginning with ‘u’ or ‘ eu ’ giving the consonant sound of ‘ yu ’. Example: a university, a European. The indefinite article ‘an’ is used before: a) a word beginning with the letter a, e, i , o, u and having a vowel sound. Example: an apple, an egg, an umbrella, an idiot, etc. b) a word beginning with ‘h’ but the pronunciation starting with a vowel. Example: an heir, an hour, an honest man, etc. c) An abbreviation, the first letter of which is ‘M’ Example: an MLA, an MP, an MCom , an SDO, an FRCS, an X-mas gift, etc

52. References S Chad’s Exam Success – Common Errors in English