English Grammar Rules for TOEIC, IELTS, TOEFL.pdf

English grammar

1. Contents:
●Verb tenses and
moods
●Conjunctions
●Adjectives & Adverbes
●Nouns & Pronouns
●TOEIC Test Content
Part 5
●Possessive adjectives
and possessive
pronouns
●Exercices with
examples

2. Conjuctions

3. Verbs Modes and Tenses //Modes et temps de Verbs ( en français)

4. For example English conjugation for regular verb TO GIVE
Unconjugated : to give - given - giving

6. Definition of Grammar
Grammar can be defined as the whole system and structure that a language is
based on and usually consists of syntax and morphology. Sometimes it is also taken
as consisting of phonology and semantics. Grammar also refers to a set structure of
rules that governs how sentences, clauses, words, and phrases in a language are
constructed.
Grammar in a broader examination studies word classes, their functions, inflections,
and relations in a particular sentence. Other aspects like accidence, that is, the
inflection of words, orthography referring to spellings, and syntax, referring to the
structure of sentences also fall under the grammar category.







Read more: Difference Between Grammar and Syntax | Difference Between
http://www.differencebetween.net/language/difference-between-grammar-and-synt
ax/#ixzz7cl8c3NIQ

7. Syntax and Grammar

Grammar and syntax are different. They are two
disciplines that overlap each other as they are both
useful in the construction of sentences, phrases, as
well as words in any language. They both deal with
the rules and structures governing a language
which makes most people conclude that they refer
to the same concepts. However, this assumption
can never be true and depending on the need that
you have to know their separation line you can get
the different variations from several perspectives.

8. Definitions of Syntax

Syntax is defined as the arrangement of words and phrases in a language to create a
well-structured or well-formed sentences.

Inflections Words

Inflection refers to a process of word formation in which items are added to the base form of a word
to express grammatical meanings. The word "inflection" comes from the Latin inflectere, meaning "to
bend."
Inflections in English grammar include the genitive 's; the plural -s; the third-person singular -s; the
past tense -d, -ed, or -t; the negative particle 'nt; -ing forms of verbs; the comparative -er; and the
superlative -est. While inflections take a variety of forms, they are most often prefixes or suffixes. They
are used to express different grammatical categories. For example, the inflection -s at the end of
dogs shows that the noun is plural. The same inflection -s at the end of runs shows that the subject
is in the third-person singular (s/he runs). The inflection -ed is often used to indicate the past tense,
changing walk to walked and listen to listened. In this way, inflections are used to show grammatical
categories such as tense, person, and number.

9. Inflections can also be used to indicate a word's part of speech. The prefix en-, for example,
transforms the noun gulf into the verb engulf. The suffix -er transforms the verb read into
the noun reader.
In "The Frameworks of English," Kim Ballard writes,
"When considering inflections, it can...be helpful to use the notion of a stem. A stem is what remains of a
word when any inflections are removed from it. In other words, inflections are added to the stem of a
word. So frogs is made up of the stem frog and the inflection -s, while turned is made up of the stem turn
and the inflection -ed.
Inflection Rules
English words follow different rules for inflection based on their part of speech and
grammatical category. The most common rules are listed below

10. Not all English words follow the rules in this
table. Some are inflected using sound
changes known as vowel alternations, the
most common of which are ablauts and
umlauts. The word "teach," for example, is
marked as past tense by changing its vowel
sound, producing the word "taught" (rather
than "teached"). Likewise, the word "goose" is
pluralized by changing its vowel sound to
produce the word "geese." Other irregular
plurals include words like "oxen," "children,"
and "teeth."
Some words, such as "must" and "ought," are
never inflected at all, no matter the context
in which they appear. These words are
considered invariant. Many animal nouns
share the same singular and plural forms,
including "bison," "deer," "moose," "salmon,"
"sheep," "shrimp," and "squid."

11. Ablaut and Umlaut :Are both morphophonological
processes. Both are realized on the surface as vowel
alternations. Both have a grammatical function. Nevertheless,
it is assumed
that Ablaut and Umlaut are different grammatical tools.

12. 2. Ablaut

Ablaut is viewed here, put briefly, as a context-free non-arbitrary vowel
alternation with grammatically distinctive character.
As was already noted by Kuryłowicz (1956, 1968), Ablaut is a derivational
process: the apophonically derived form is a non-arbitrary output. But
whereas Kuryłowicz acknowledges the derivational link between two forms
related by apophony, he does not postulate any restriction on the possible set
of vowel pairs that can be in an apophonic relation. Such a restriction to the
possible vocalic participants in apophony exists in recent approaches to
apophony (Bendjaballah 1995, 1999, Guerssel & Lowenstamm 1993, 1996,
Ségéral & Scheer 1998). Furthermore a universally valid regularity is
postulated. This non-arbitrariness or regularity of the morphophonological
alternation in question is captured in the so-called Apophonic Path.

13. 3. Umlaut :Another phenomenon of vowel alternations in NHG is Umlaut.
NHG Umlaut occurs in different environments, only in some of them
regularly. Derivational as well as inflectional processes are potential
environments for umlaut tosurface. (6) lists derivational processes involving
umlaut in NHG, (7) inflectional ones: Affix Process Base Derivation Gloss



-chen N > N(diminutive) Haus Häuschen 'house' > 'little house'
-lein N > N(diminutive) Mann Männlein 'man' > 'little man'
-ling N/A > N(m) dumm Dümmling 'stupid' > 'stupid chap'

14. Nouns, pronouns and determiners

A noun identifies a person, animal or thing. Pronouns are words like he, she, yourself, mine, who,
this and someone. Pronouns commonly refer to or fill the position of a noun or noun phrase.
A determiner specifies the kind of reference a noun has. Common determiners are: the, those, my,
her, both, all, several and no.

15. Adjective or Adverb?
What can you remember about the difference between adjectives and adverbs? Here's
a quick reminder:

An adjective describes a noun or pronoun: "That boy is so loud!"
An adverb describes a verb or anything apart from a noun and pronoun: "That boy
speaks so loudly!"

Adverbs are used to answer how questions e.g. "How does he talk? - He talks loudly."
Flowers smell sweet or flowers smell sweetly, which is correct? Smell sweet is correct
because we it describes the smell of flowers. Smell sweetly tells how a rose smells i.e.
flowers do not have noses so they cannot smell!!

"Fresh bread smells great" (adjective) - I am describing my opinion on fresh bread
"I smell terribly because I have a cold" (adverb) - I am not able to use my nose to smell
things because of my cold.

16. Excercises !
Create sentences using nouns, pronouns
and interjections

17. Do and Does uses
Do I/we/you/they work?
Does he/she/it drive?
do?
I/we/you/they don’t work
he/she/it doesn’t drive
do
Consequently, in synthesis
we can say we say :

For 1st person sing/plural ;
2nd person sing
3d person plural


3d person sing masc; fem
and neutral


DO
DOES

18. Toeic Vocabulary
accomplish: accomplir
aid: aide
aim: objective
approach: aborder
amend: modifier
boost: augmenter, impulser
borrow: emprunter

23. Examples for Part 5
What reason_____give for not being able to attend today`s
meeting?
they
they do
are they
did they
The main verb GIVE needs a form of DO to make a question.
This is in the past tense.

24. If you can`t___________with your own computer in
today’s fast track technology, you should upgrade to a
faster one
get to / accéder à
get through/traverser
get along / se débrouiller
get by/ se débrouiller

25. _________Mrs. Thomson`s business acumen is beyond reproach , she has
been able to increase profits dramatically
Even though
Because of
So
Because
(parce que) L`equipement professionnel de Mme. Thompson est
irréprochable. Elle a réussi à augmenter considerablement ses
béneficies
There is a cause and effect here which requires BECAUSE..

26. Thanks for your
attention!