Environment and community health educaiton

lecture

1. Environment and Community Health Education Michele A. Naranjo, Ph.D.

2. 1. 13 million deaths could be prevented According to a new United Nations report,  more than 13 million deaths around the world each year are due to avoidable environmental causes and the lives of as many as 4 million children alone, mostly in developing countries, could be saved by preventing such ecological risks.

3. 2. In children under 5 years old, 1/3 of diseases is caused by environmental factors Time immemorial it is widely known that the environment profoundly influences health Acting UN World Health Organization ( WHO ) Director-General Anders Nordström said that as much as 24 per cent of global disease, and 33 per cent of that in children under five, is caused by environmental exposures that can be averted or prevented. Environmental risks have an impact on the health and development of children, from conception through childhood and adolescence and also into adulthood. The environment determines a child’s future: early life exposures impact on adult health as fetal programming and early growth may be altered by environmental risk factors.

4. 3. We could save 4 million children under 5, each year Adverse environmental conditions and pollution are a major contributor to childhood deaths, illnesses and disability, particularly in developing countries including Philippines.  Children are particularly vulnerable to certain environmental risks, including: air pollution; inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene; hazardous chemicals and waste, radiation; climate change; as well as emerging threats like e-waste.

5. 4. Diarrhea, Lower Respiratory Infections, Unintentional Injuries and Malaria are environmentally caused ‘Preventing disease through healthy environments –can be done by focusing on the environmental causes of disease, and how various diseases are influenced by environmental factors (Dr. Nordström ). An analysis breaks new ground, reflecting how much death, illness and disability could be realistically avoided every year as a result of better environmental management.

6. 5. 40 % malaria 41 % LRIs 94 % diarrhea Can be reduced Nearly one third of death and disease in the least developed regions is due to environmental causes. Over 40 per cent of malaria deaths and an estimated 94 per cent of those from diarrhoeal diseases, two of the world’s biggest childhood killers, could be prevented through better environmental management.

7. 6. 1/3 of deaths is a direct result of environmental causes An estimated 12.6 million people died as a result of living or working in an unhealthy environment. Nearly 1 in 4 of total global deaths, according to estimates from WHO. Environmental risk factors, such as air, water and soil pollution, chemical exposures, climate change, and ultraviolet radiation, contribute to more than 100 diseases and injuries.

8. 7. Reduce incidence of cancers, CVDs, asthma, LRIs, road traffic injuries, poisoning and drownings. Although there has been a reduction of a large part of the burden caused by noncommunicable diseases like cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, obesity and others challenges like road traffic injuries, poisoning and drownings can be avoided by preventive measures; early diagnosis and detection and mainly by controlling risk factors and can be alleviated by efficient strategies, including affordability of treatments, development of new vaccines and medicines, and improvement of environmental conditions.

9. 8. Environmental Factors influence 101 out of 133 categories of diseases and injuries As the world population continues to age rapidly, the trend of environmental risks predominantly affecting noncommunicable diseases is expected to become more pronounced. 101 out of 133 diseases and injuries were at least partially attributable to manageable environmental factors The environmental factors continue to contribute to a large disease burden from communicable diseases in many low and middle income countries. In these countries, environmental risks leading to infectious diseases especially in children, such as household air pollution, unsafe drinking-water and poor sanitation and personal hygiene are still highly prevalent.

10. 9. Promoting safe household water storage, better hygiene measures and the use of cleaner and safer fuels – prevents death Ensuring the access of all people to sufficient, safe water and adequate sanitation and encouraging personal, domestic and community hygiene will improve the health and quality of life of millions of individuals. And although energy sources have negative effects, it has been pointed out that modern renewable energy sources are vastly safer and cleaner and prevents unintentional deaths.

11. 10. Healthier interventions : promoting safe, careful use and management of toxic substances Proper environmental management is the key to avoiding the quarter of all preventable illnesses which are directly caused by environmental factors. Everything that affects an organism during its lifetime is collectively known as its environment . Biotic (living) and Abiotic (non-living). A key factor, either biotic or abiotic that restricts the success of the species includes water, shelter, food, climate, organism, others.• In turn, all organisms affect environment In all these environments, organisms interact and use available resources, such as food, space, light, heat, water, air, and shelter. Each population of organisms, and the individuals within it, interact in specific ways that are limited by and can benefit from other organism.  

12. Environment Everything that affects an organism during its lifetime In turn, all organisms affect environment

13. PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS PD 984 – Pollution Control Laws • PD 856 – Code on Sanitation • RA 3931 – National Water and Air Pollution Control Commission

14. PD 984 – Pollution Control Law • Prevent, abate and control pollution of: • water, air and land • for more effective utilization of resources “No person shall throw, run, drain, or otherwise dispose into any of the water, air and/or land resources of the Philippines, or cause, permit, suffer to be thrown, run, drain, allow to seep or otherwise dispose thereto any organic or inorganic matter or any substance in gaseous or liquid form that shall cause pollution thereof”.

15. PD 856 - Sanitation Code • Water supply • Food establishments • Health certificates • Structural requirements • Vermin control • Toilet facilities • Washing utensils • Storage

16. RA 3931 - National Water and Air Control Commission Maintain reasonable standards the purity of the waters and air • For utilization for domestic, agricultural, industrial, and other purposes. • Prohibitions • Penalties Republic Act No. 3931 creating the National Water and Air Pollution Control Commission. The Act declares as national policy " to maintain reasonable standards of purity for the waters and of this country with their utilization for domestic, agricultural, industrial and other legitimate purposes".

17. Section 9.  Prohibitions.  No person shall throw, run, drain, or otherwise dispose into any of the water and/or atmospheric air of the Philippines, or cause, permit, suffer to be thrown, run, drain, allow to see or otherwise dispose into such waters or atmospheric air, any organic or inorganic matter or any substance in gaseous or liquid form that shall cause pollution of such waters or atmospheric air.   • Penalties Section 10. Penalties. Any person who shall violate any of the provisions of Section nine of this Act or who violates any order of the Commission, shall be liable to a penalty of not to exceed fifty pesos for each day during which the violation continues, or by imprisonment of from two years to six years , or by both fine and imprisonment and in addition such person may be required or enjoined from continuing such violation as hereinafter provided

18. Philosophical Approaches ANTHROPOCENTRISM: Human Centered Protects only when it benefits humans Anthropocentrism, philosophical viewpoint arguing that human beings are the central or most significant entities in the world. This is a basic belief embedded in many Western religions and philosophies. Anthropocentrism regards humans as separate from and superior to nature and holds that human life has intrinsic value while other entities (including animals, plants, mineral resources, and so on) are resources that may justifiably be exploited for the benefit of humankind.

19. Philosophical Approaches BIOCENTRISM: Life Centered Right to exist B iocentrism, ethical perspective holding that all life deserves equal moral consideration or has equal moral standing.  it emphasizes the value and rights of organic individuals, believing that moral priority should be given to the survival of individual living beings. For example, many humans consider it acceptable to take the life of another animal to provide for their own sustenance but would consider it wrong to take the life of another human being for the same reason.

20. Philosophical Approaches ECOCENTRISM: A philosophy or policy is ecocentric if it places value and importance on the entire environment and all life in it, not just the parts that are useful to humans. More broadly, ecocentric means “focused on the environment.” Ecocentrism is a philosophy focused on considering all natural elements in ecosystems, not simply individual species or land features.

21. ENVIRONMENTAL ATTITUDES DEVELOPMENT Human race master of nature - The development ethic considers the human race to be the master of nature and that the resources of Earth exist solely for human benefit. Earths resources for our benefit- The positive nature of growth and development is an important theme within this philosophy. This view suggests that hard work and technological improvements can overcome any limitations of natural resources.  

22. ENVIRONMENTAL ATTITUDES PRESERVATION See large portions of earth preserved intact. The preservation ethic suggests that nature itself has intrinsic value and deserves protection. Some preservationists assert that all life forms have rights equal to those of humans. Others seek to preserve nature for aesthetic or recreational reasons.

23. ENVIRONMENTAL ATTITUDES CONSERVATION Balance between development and preservation The conservation ethic recognizes the limitations of natural resources on Earth and states that unlimited economic or population growth is not feasible. This philosophy seeks to find a balance between the availability and utilization of natural resources.

24. GREEN BUSINESS CONCEPTS E xpand profits and take care of environment Natural capitalism is a system of four interlinking principles, where business and environmental interests overlap, and in which businesses can better satisfy their customers' needs, increase profits and help solve environmental problems all at the same time. It is an economic system that incentivizes profit based on proper care of the environment and assigns an economic value to stewardship of the planet. For example, income from natural capital includes yield from trees and plants in their natural state, not just from their extraction state.

25. GREEN BUSINESS CONCEPTS Social and environmental costs of doing business Environmental economics is a sub-field of economics concerned with environmental issues. It has become a widely studied subject due to growing environmental concerns in the twenty-first century. Environmental economics and ecological economics share the common objective of understanding the human–economy–environment interaction in order to redirect the economies towards sustainability in the sense of how do we design a sustainable future.? It’s not just analysis of the past but applies that analysis to create something new and better ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS

26. GREEN BUSINESS CONCEPTS INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY

27. INDIVIDUAL ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS EF is the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources. It is the amount of the environment necessary to produce the goods and services necessary to support a particular lifestyle.

28. References Children's environmental health. https://www.who.int/health-topics/children-environmental-health#tab=tab_1 https://news.un.org/en/story/2006/06/182732-over-13-million-deaths-each-year-due-preventable-environmental-causes-un-report file:///Users/michelenaranjo/Downloads/9789241516891-eng.pdf https://academic.oup.com/jpubhealth/article/39/3/464/3003007 https://www.medindia.net/news/healthy-environment-can-avert-one-third-preventable-deaths-50439-1.htm