Environment Degradation , Types of Pollution, Disaster Management

Land Degradation/ Forrest Degradation / Types of Pollution - Air Water Noise . Disasters, Disaster Management

1. MODULE 2 ENVIRONMENT DEGRADATION Degradation of Land, Forest, Agricultural land 1 Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected]

2. Environment Degradation  Environment Degradation is the process whereby the quality the quality of environmental segments is degraded due to human activities 2 Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected]

3. Land as a resource Depend on it for food , fire , fibre Top Soil is classified as renewable resource 200 to 1000 years is required to form the top 1 inch of soil Rate of erosion is greater than rate of generation 3 Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected]

4. DEGRADATION MEANING AND CAUSES Land degradation means : Loss of natural fertility of soil because of loss of nutrients. Less vegetation cover Changes in the characteristic of soil . Pollution of water resources from the contamination of soil   Changes in climatic conditions because of unbalanced created in the environment. 4 Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected]

5. Removal of Green Removal  play an important role in maintaining fertility helpful in binding up of soil particles with the help of roots of vegetation Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 5

6. Excessive Use of Fertilizers and Pesticides Fertilizers are basically used for spurting the growth of the crop Excessive fertilizers is leading to imbalance in quantity of nutrients  affecting the natural vegetation Pesticides are used for controlling the growth of certain plants and insects Excessive use has  lead  to increase  resistance in insects Leads to killing of certain insects helpful for soil fertility 6 Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected]

7. Overgrazing Increased livestock leads to overgrazing Overgrazing leads to fall in grass cover and soil erosion 7 Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] Overgrazing

8. Industrialization and mining activities Mining causes releases  toxic chemicals  e.g. Mercury release toxic effluents and material wastes into environment affecting soil health 8 Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected]

9. Waterlogging  Excessive irrigation and improper drainage facility  cause rise in the ground water level rise Ground water brings excessive minerals to surface It changes the composition of soil and makes it arid 9 Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected]

10. Desertification When land becomes arid, semi- arid, and dry sub-humid areas   The major causes of desertification are mismanagement of forests, overgrazing, mining and quarrying. 10 Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected]

11. Soil erosion Wind Erosion   Strong winds blow the loose and coarse soil particles and dust to long distances depletion of forests leads to loosening of soil particles due to lack of roots and moisture in soil.  Water Erosion Water during heavy rains may remove the thin soil cover over large areas uniformly.  11 Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected]

12. Urbanization Compacts soil during construction, and alters the drainage pattern.  Concretization  leads to more erosion of the topsoil.  High demand for Rocks , cement and other building material 12 Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected]

13. Improper cultivation practices One of the single largest contribution Tillage on agricultural lands is one of the main factors since it breaks up soil into finer particles,   Farming on steep slope  Row Cropping & Mono Cropping surface irrigation wear away the natural composition of the soil and its fertility and prevent soil from regenerating.  13 Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected]

14. Remedies for Land Degradation Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 14

15. Related to Farming Organic Farming Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 15

16. Organic Farming an agricultural process that uses biological fertilisers and pest control acquired from animal or plant waste.  It is as an answer to the environmental sufferings caused by chemical pesticides and synthetic fertilisers Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 16

17. 10 Delhi Farmlands: After-Effects of Soil Degradation - Eco India Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 17 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZvnyLOwreRg

18. Strip farming Used when the slope is steep  growing two or more crops in alternating strips along Forages (hay/ Grass) in between. helps to stop soil erosion by creating natural dams I a row crop more susceptible to erosion ,like corn or soybeans, is planted alternating with a cover crop less susceptible to erosion  like grass meadow, clover, or oats.  Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 18

19. Contour Farming Is the farming practice of planting across a slope       following its elevation contour lines It helps in mitigates the impacts of floods, storms and landslides on the crops  reducing soil erosion , controlling runoff water, increasing moisture infiltration   retention and thus enhancing soil quality and composition. Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 19

20. Ridge and Furrow Formation : continuous barrier to the free movement of water downwards thus provides more infiltration time.  The removal of soil along with nutrients is checked  Increases greater extent leading to increment in soil fertility and crop yield. Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 20

21. Field Drainage Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 21 To rapidly remove excess soil water to reduce or eliminate waterlogging. return soils to their natural field capacity reduces soil and nutrient loss from runoff and can help avoid soil erosion. Drainage on hill slopes helps to reduce the risk of soil slippage.  Drainage can be collected and saved for future use during periods of dry weather

22. CONSTRUCTION OF DAMS Focus on Building small dams   To check run off of water from  small ponds / lakes created to hold run-off water This reduces chances of floods and soils erosion Silt can be used for increasing fertility of land . 22 Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected]

23. CROP ROTATION Having similar crops leads to Loss of one set of nutrients Pest  Pests and diseases will thrive as it has preffered source of food Crop Rotation  helps in Maintaining & returning soil nutrients E.G. corn consumes a lot of nitrogen and beans return nitrogen to the soil Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 23

24. Settled Agriculture Shifting cultivation, the piece of land is used for a few years and is then left unplowed for 10 to 12 years Shifting agriculture should be replaced by settled agriculture – where land nutrients are preserved. Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 24

25. Reducing / Substituting Pesticides & Fertilizers Fertilizers and micronutrients should be applied correctly and only if required.  Periodic sampling of soils should be done.  Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 25

26. Wasteland Afforestation Wastelands should be afforested on a massive scale involving local people.  People themselves should select trees that will meet their requirements.  Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 26

27. Wood Substitutes The demand for timber should be drastically reduced.  Substitutes for furniture material and packing cases should be used.  This would ease pressure on standing forests.  Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 27

28. Watershed management Catchment area s or watersheds must be thickly vegetated .  Traps and hold rainwater and recharge springs, rivers Also helps prevents erosion of the topsoil  Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 28

29. Grazing control Things that can be done Grazing in forests must be checked. hand cutting of grass will save pasture lands.  Stall feeding must be implemented livestock feed can supplement Pasture  Livestock can be pulled off pasture. warm- or cool-season species of pastures  can be planted for seasonal use. Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 29

30. Urban Planning urban planning, design and regulation of the uses of space that focus on the physical form, economic functions, and social impacts  Urban planning is to make cities more sustainable and hence livable and attractive places. Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 30

31. 11   Is Chandigarh a perfectly planned city?  Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 31 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IfPYcfEM1Ck

32. Forest Degradation Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 32

33. Degradation of forest Forest degradation is the long-term reduction in the overall capacity of a forest to produce or provide benefits, such as carbon storage, biodiversity, wood, and other products due to environmental and anthropogenic alterations. Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 33

34. CAUSES OF FOREST DEGRADATION Forest fire Diseases and pests Climate Change Acid rain Forest fragmentation Air pollution Land pollution Soil erosion Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 34

35. Forest Fire Forest fires are wildfires that spread uncontrollably, burning plants, animals, grasslands and brushlands Wind spreads fire rapidly, causing significant air pollution.  Can be caused by climatic changes Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 35 https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/6/28/smoke-was-so-thick-forest-fires-scorch-indian-mountains-amid-heatwave Uttarakhand Fires

36. Causes of Forest fire Human beings  Burning Debris Unattended Campfires Equipment Failure or Engine Sparks Cigarettes Fireworks Arson Mother Nature  Lightening Volcanic Eruption Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 36

37. Remedies  forest fires Active forest fire monitoring using satellite data    Following weather forecast for extreme hot weather and thunder storm Ligiting fires in pits & designated areas Do not burn any materials that are combustible or unusual in nature Strict Laws speedy trials for Arsonist 37 Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected]

38. 12 How AI is spotting wildfires within minutes Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 38 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ppHxqMacU0

39. REMEDIES(SOLUTIONS) TO FOREST DEGRADATION Clear cutting of forests must be banned Replanting should be done by organization using forest land commercially Promoting Green Business adopting responsible consumerism Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 39

40. REMEDIES(SOLUTIONS) TO FOREST DEGRADATION Eco-forestry -allowing for controlled green timber extraction Community Forestry -local communities managing of their local forests Sensitization and Educative Campaigns Joint Organizations Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 40

41. 13 Ecotourism and Community forestry for poverty reduction in Nepal Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 41 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZoMwC_LbN9U

42. Air Pollution Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 42

43. Air pollution "air pollutant" means any solid, liquid or gaseous substance  present in the atmosphere in such concentration as may be or tend to be injurious to human beings or other living creatures or plants or properaty or environment;

44. Worlds most polluted cities Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 44

45. Types of pollutant Primary Pollutant Secondary Pollutant

46. Causes of air pollution

47. Causes of air pollution Burning of Fossil Fuels Fuel adulteration Traffic congestion Carbon Monoxide incomplete combustion 

48. Causes of air pollution Agricultural activities  - Livestock releases ammonia Pesticides & Insecticides Burning of Crops

49. Causes of air pollution Fuel and biomass burning used for cooking and general heating needs.  Exhaust from factories and industries Greenhouse gas emissions

50. Causes of air pollution Mining operations :  Contributes between 4 and 7%  greenhouse gas emissions dust and chemicals are released 

51. Causes of air pollution Construction and Demolition activities Dust pollution on construction sites Emissions from Construction Machines

52. Causes of air pollution Indoor air pollution Household cleaning products,  painting supplies Room fresheners Insect repellants Natural Causes  Volcanoes  Forrest Fire 

53. Effects of Air Pollution Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 54 https://www.forbesindia.com/article/lifes/air-pollution-drives-7-percent-of-deaths-in-big-indian-cities-study/93558/1

54. Effects of Air Pollution Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 55

55. Effects of Air Pollution Acid Rain Acid rain is formed by the reaction of oxides of nitrogen and sulphur Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 56 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8TZ3ZSAB_Iw 14 Marble Cancer_Why Taj Mahal is turning Yellow

56. Effects of Air Pollution Effect on Wildlife Acid rains affect fish life UV rays causes skin cancer in animals Toxic pollutants causes migration Depletion of Ozone layer Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 57

57. Solutions for Air Pollution Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] Reducing Agriculture Pollution Reducing Food Waste Reducing dependence on animal products Use of Organic Pesticides & Fertilizers Composting instead of Burning Crops 58

58. Solutions for Air Pollution Reducing Vehicular Pollution Move to cleaner fuels Use public mode of transportation Scrapping of Older vehicles Pollution Control Norms to be followed Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 59

59. Solutions for Air Pollution Reduction Industrial Pollution Moving towards clean energy resources Research on eco-friendlier product Use of Industries air purification equipment Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 60

60. Solutions for Air Pollution Reducing Construction Pollution sprayers, mist cannon, or sprinklers that spray water over the area  Windbreakers Use of non-diesel vehicles Better Planning using  Afforestation  Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 61

61. Indoor Pollution

62. Water Pollution Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 63

63. Water Pollution - Some Facts Water bodies are getting toxic 70% of surface water in India is unfit for consumption.  Every day, almost 40 million liters of wastewater enters rivers and other water bodies untreated Estimated loss of almost half of GDP growth

64. Causes of Water Pollution - Ground Water pesticide contamination from the soil industrial and household chemicals Untreated waste from septic tanks or sewerage systems may leak into the surrounding soil garbage landfills - after heavy rain these pollutants seep into the soil below them wastewater from mines release pollutants previously trapped in the rock  Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 65

65. Causes of Water Pollution -  Surface Water Sewage & Wastewater Untreated Sewer water is let in Rivers / lakes Industrial Affluents Toxic affluents are directly left in water bodies Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 66

66. Causes of Water Pollution - Surface Water Oil Pollution - Oil spillage into sea-water during drilling and shipment  Synthetic Detergents used in washing and cleaning produce foam  Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 67 youtube.com/ watch?v =cWoGAo0QlnM 15 Eco India_ Is there a green alternative to detergents filled with polluting chemicals

67. Effects of Water Pollution Impact On Drinking Water water unsafe for human consumption Impact On Human Health Diseases like cholera, dysentery, typhoid, and hepatitis Long Term -cancer, neurological disorders, reproductive issues, and developmental abnormalities Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 68

68. Effects of Water Pollution Disruptions In The Food Web domino effect Destruction Of Ecosystems disrupts the delicate balance of predator-prey relationships effects on health of marine ecosystems. Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 69

69. Effects of Water Pollution Eutrophication  pollutants developed on water surface turns into algae which affect fish, plants and animal species  Economic Impact Affects Agricultural Sector Affects Fishing Industry Affects Tourism Industry Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 70

70. Remedies for Water Pollution Governmental Regulations Setting pollution limits and standards for industries Regulating use of fertilizers and pesticides  Implementing wastewater treatment practices and monitoring systems Enforcing penalties for non-compliance  Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 71

71. Remedies for water Pollution Individual Actions Water Conservation: Proper Disposal of Waste Using 5R's in daily life Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 72

72. Remedies for water Pollution Innovations & Technology Advanced filtration systems   Bioremediation techniques to break down contaminants  Development of eco-friendly alternatives to harmful chemicals Implementation of smart water management systems  Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 73 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Om-OK421WZ8 16 Meet The Couple Running Mumbai's First Hyperlocal Farm 

73. Noise Pollution Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 74

74. What is noise Pollution? (WHO) defines noise above 65 decibels (dB) as noise pollution.  Noise becomes harmful when it exceeds 75 decibels (dB)  Noise is painful above 120 db. Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 75

75. Causes of Noise Pollution Traffic noise most polluting noise in cities.  car horn produces 90 dB & bus produces 100 dB.    Air traffic noise a single aircraft produces 130 dB.    Construction sites Building construction , road and pavement works  pneumatic drill produces 110 dB. Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 76

76. Causes of Noise Pollution Catering and night life / Festivals Bars, restaurants , Pub  & clubs produce more than 100 dB.   Noise made by animals  barking dog can be 60-80 dB. Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 77

77. Effects of Noise Pollutions Hearing Difficulties:  damage of eardrums and hence loss of hearing Additionally, it can decrease the sensitivity of human ears to sound. Sleeping Disorders disturb the sleeping pattern  experience fatigue  Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 78

78. Effects of Noise Pollutions Health-related Issues- long term psychological health.  hypertension,  aggressive behaviour,  stress  Cardiovascular Problems:  increase in heartbeat rate and blood pressure Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 79

79. Remedies for Noise Pollution Traffic Discipline  Horns when required No horn / Sound areas Hospitals / Schools Social Events / Festivals Limiting Loud speaker use  Ban on high decibel crackers Construction Site Timing Limit Control on equipment Used  Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 80

80. Global Warming Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 81

81. What is Global Warming? Global Warming is the increase of Earth's average surface temperature due to effect of greenhouse gases  Grew by 0.07 C between 1880 & 1980 Grew by 0.18 C between 1981 till now Expected to rise by 1.5 C by 2040 occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2)/pollutants collect in the atmosphere & absorb sunlight / solar radiation which bounced off the earth’s surface. Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 82 17 What will happen to India in a 1.5 degree Celsius warmer world_ _ Climate Change analysis.

82. Effects of Global Warming Doomsday Situation (can cause human extinction)  Expected Temperature rise by 3-5 C rainfall may go up by 10% /  Intensity of cyclones increase by 10%. Average sea levels may rise by 45 – 69 cm.  An Unhealthy Buzz in the Air north India gets cooler and wetter, more mosquitoes  stretching the malaria–dengue–encephalitis Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 83

83. Effects of Global Warming Doomsday Situation L esser to Eat for India, World:   Every degree Celsius rise wheat production may fall 4–5 million tonnes. World crop production may fall 10–40% by 2100 More Water in our Rivers:  mountain snows melt, Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra  Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 84

84. Effects of Global Warming Agriculture  will be failure of crops and famine / Floods Forestry broadleaf forests will suffer drought,  coniferous forest areas are likely to become more productive.  Water Resources:  Change in the global rainfall pattern and therefore, Serious water shortages & conflicts over water resources.  Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 85 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dTEp5FqgBwo 20 India-Pakistan water dispute explained https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/bengaluru-water-crisis-congress-groundwater-cauvery-river-bjp-dmk-aiadmk-karnatata-tamil-nadu-supply-2514186-2024-03-13

85. Effects of Global Warming Droughts and floods  will become more common.  Rising temperatures will increase the domestic water demands.  Terrestrial Ecosystems:  Extinction of a number of plant and animal species as fail to adapt  More tolerant species of plants and animals will thrive.  Human Health:  Increase spread of certain diseases. Urban air pollution will worse affecting health   heavy economic loss and loss of human lives.  Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 86

86. Disaster Management Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 87

87. Disaster - Meaning UN defines 'a disaster as a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society. Disasters involve widespread human, material, economic or environmental impacts , which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources '  Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 88

88. Types of Disasters Natural disasters : including floods, hurricanes, earthquakes and volcano eruptions that have immediate impacts on human health  Environmental emergencies : including technological or industrial accidents of hazardous material,  Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 89 18 The Day Half a Million People Were Poisoned _ I Was There 21 Footage shows panic as Indonesia tsunami approaches _ ITV News

89. Types of Disasters Complex emergencies : break-down of authority, looting and attacks on strategic installations Pandemic emergencies: sudden onset of contagious disease that affects health, disrupts services and businesses Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 90 Covid Pandemic Looting After Riots

90. Disaster Management Cycle Process through which Government , Civil Society & Businesses tries to reduce impact & recover It is a 4 phase process Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 91

91. Disaster Management Cycle Steps involved include Mitigation Preparedness Disaster Relief Disaster Recovery Steps taken do not always occur in isolation or in this precise order Length of each step depends upon the the type and severity of disaster Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 92

92. Mitigation Tries to eliminate or reduce the probability of disaster occurrence Mitigation includes Building codes vulnerability analyses updates  zoning and land use management building use regulations and safety codes preventive health care public education.  Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 93

93. Preparedness To i mproves technical /managerial capacity of governments, organizations, and communities Have  plans  in case of disaster logistical readiness to deal with disasters  ensuring that strategic reserves of  food, equipment,  water,  medicines & essentials Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 94 19 #Odisha Model of Disaster Management https://www.ndtv.com/feature/turkey-syria-earthquake-turkish-woman-thanks-indian-army-personnel-in-a-special-way-for-helping-them-3769727

94. Disaster Relief Coordinated multi-agency response  to reduce the impact of a disaster and its long-term results.  Relief activities include  rescue,  relocation,  providing food and water,  preventing disease and disability repairing vital services  transport providing temporary shelter  emergency health care.  Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 95 Temporary Shelters

95. Disaster Recovery Support after initial crisis is over    Recovery activities include  rebuilding infrastructure,  health care  rehabilitation.  should blend with development activities such as building human resources for health  developing policies and practices to avoid  Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 96 Japan Rebuilding after Earth Quake

96. Waste Management Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 97

97. What is Waste ? Any substance, solid, liquid or gaseous, for which no use can be found by the organism or system that produces it and for which a method of disposal must be devised is called Waste Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 98

98. Types of Waste Municipal Waste: resulting from  services  street wastes  dead animals market wastes abandoned vehicles Domestic Residential Waste: From household activities Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 99

99. Types of Waste Commercial Waste:  solid wastes originating in offices, wholesale, retail stores, restaurants, hotels, markets, warehouses Garbage –  Organic Matter which will decay & attract pests Rubbish –  solid waste apart from rubbish Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 100

100. Types of Waste Construction and Demolition Wastes generated by the construction, refurbishment, repair and demolition  consists of earth, stones, concrete, bricks, lumber, roofing materials, plumbing materials, heating systems and electrical wires   Industrial Wastes :   discarded solid material of manufacturing  major generators   thermal power plants - Fly Ash Iron and steel mills producing furnace slag and steel melting slag,  non-ferrous industries producing red mud and tailings,   Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 101 Fly Ash Hazardous Molten slag poured into a dump

101. Types of Waste Biomedical/Hospital Waste : generated during diagnosis, treatment, or immunization production or testing of biological.  Includes  sharps,  soiled waste,  disposables,  anatomical waste,  cultures,  discarded medicines,  chemical wastes,  Incineration ash.    Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 102

102. Types of Waste Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 103 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zmJrxyk1ZpY Very interesting Recover 24K Gold From Electronics Scrap Electronic waste or e-waste  discarded electrical or electronic devices.  Used electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling, or disposal are also considered e-waste.  Informal processing of e-waste   in developing countries can lead to adverse human health effects and environmental pollution. 

103. Sources of Waste Domestic spoiled food, vegetable waste, old newspapers, waste papers, stationery plastic bags, plastic   cardboard wrappings, tins,  broken glass, bulbs and tubes,  unused medicines,  cloth pieces and rags,  insecticides, pesticides and  cleaning chemicals like phenyl, Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 104

104. Sources of Waste Industrial and Commercial Depends upon the type of Industry Residual metals or  solid wastes  ash,  packaging containers etc.  Liquid residues or liquid waste include oil, paints, waste-water and chemicals  Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 105

105. Sources of Waste Clinical or Bio-medical waste from the hospitals  related bio-medical sources  like the nursing homes,  pathological laboratories,  medical clinics,  blood banks,  Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 106

106. Sources of Waste Agricultural stalks, dried grass, dried and wet leaves, husk,  Residues of fertilizers and pesticides are present in the soil  Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 107

107. Sources of Waste Animal:  animal dung, excreta  bodies of dead animals.  reuse these materials in making manure and compost.  Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 108

108. Sources of Waste Nuclear:  waste products of the nuclear power plants include, radioactive minerals and metals.  Utmost care has to be taken for their disposal. Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 109

109. Sources of Waste Mineral:  Heavy metal residues,  toxic metals like lead, arsenic, cadmium, etc.  carbon generated from coal mines,  heavy metal particles and radiation from coal mines mix dust Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 110

110. Waste Management Is the  collection  transport,  processing,  recycling  or disposal of waste materials.  It is also carried out to reduce the materials’ effect on the environment and to recover resources from them.  Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 111

111. Solid Waste Management Solid waste management involves six functional element Generation Onsite Handling Storage & Processing Collection Transfer & transport Processing & Recovery Disposal Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 112

112. Generation encompasses activities in which materials are identified as no longer being of value Generation rates are used to evaluate reuse and recycling feasibility and processing and disposal requirements.  Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 113

113. On–site handling, storage and processing It is necessary to make on–site preparation of the waste for reuse, recycle or disposal Reuse indicates that the waste is usable in its current form  Recycle applies to converting the waste on alternative use  Disposal  - Remainder Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 114

114. Collection physical gathering of waste  vary from the garbage collection from homes  Collection of toxic chemical waste from industries Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 115

115. Transfer and Transport Consolidation of collected waste from bulk transport to the processing and disposal facilities.  Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 116

116. Processing and Recovery Activities employed to allow recovery of waste as raw materials or as energy, or preparation of waste for disposal Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 117

117. Disposal Incineration and landfilling are the two common disposal alternatives for non–reusable and non–recyclable waste Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 118

118. Disposal Methods  Landfill involves burying waste to dispose Properly - designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic and relatively inexpensive method Incineration involves combustion of waste material convert waste materials into heat, gas, steam and ash. practical method of disposing of certain waste material Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 119 22 Mumbai’s mountain of garbage 23 How To Turn Waste Into Electricity ​

119. Biological Reprocessing Recycling Methods raw materials may be extracted and reprocessed Physical Reprocessing – Plastic Biological Reprocessing – Organic Waste Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 120

120. EFFECTS OF EWASTE ON ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH  e-wastes landfilled produces contaminated leachates which pollute  groundwater Acids and sludge from melting computer chip causes acidification of soil Incineration of e-wastes can emit toxic fumes and gases Mercury will leach when certain electronic devices, such as circuit breakers are destroyed Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 121

121. Consumerism Is a process, in which an individual acquires goods & materialistic needs beyond their need. Consumerism is an effect of capitalism , in which the country’s trade and industry is controlled by private companies & owners for profit Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 122

122. Problems Related to Consumerism Planned  obsolescence design their products with shorter lifespans software updates may make older products incompatible Overproduction and excess driven by competition and profit motives Advertising gimmicks which create artificial needs impulsive buying habits and excessive consumption. Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 123

123. Factors affecting Consumerism and Generation of Waste Excess Packaging  Single-use items replace commodities Fast Fashion Prof. Amit Ashok Bansod, [email protected] 124