Environmental Biotechnology [Autosaved].pptm.pptx

Environmental Biotechnology [Autosaved].pptm for biotechnology students

1. Environmental Biotechnology

2. Biosensors

3. WHAT IS SENSOR…?? A sensor is a device that detects the change in the environment and responds to some output on the other system. A sensor converts a physical phenomenon into a measurable analog voltage (or sometimes a digital signal) converted into a human-readable display or transmitted for reading or further processing. A sensor is a converter that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal that can be read by an observer or by an instrument.

4. Biosensor Biosensors are analytical devices that combine a biological recognition element with a physicochemical detector to measure specific biological or chemical reactions, which is then conveyed to a detector. They convert a biological response into a measurable signal, often an electrical signal, allowing for the detection and quantification of various substances, such as glucose, pathogens, or pollutants.

5. Bio-sensors It is an analytical device that converts a biological response into an electrical signal. It detects, records, and transmits information regarding a physiological change or process. It determines the presence and concentration of a specific substance in any test solution.

6. Basic principle of biosensor Basic principle of biosensor involved in three element :- First biological recognition element which highly specific towards the biological material analytes produced. Second transducers detect and transduce signal from biological target – receptor molecule to an electrical signal, which is due to reaction occur. Third after transduction signal from biological to electrical signal, where its amplification is necessary and takes place, and read out in the detector after processing the values are displayed for monitor and controlling the system

7. The biological material is immobilized, and a contact is made between the immobilized biological material and the transducer The analyte binds to the biological material to form a bound analyte which in turn produces the electronic response that can be measured. An analyte is a compound whose concentration has to be measured ( Glucose, drug, urea, pesticides) Sometimes the analyte is converted to a product which could be associated with the release of heat, gas (oxygen), electrons or hydrogen ions. The transducer then converts the product linked changes into electrical signals which can be amplified and measured.

8. 1st COMPONENT – BIOLOGICAL ELEMENT The component used to bind the target molecule. Must be highly specific, stable under storage conditions, and immobilized Microorganism Tissue Cell Organelle Nucleic Acid Enzyme Receptor Antibody

9. Function to interact specifically with a target compound i.e. the compound to be detected. It must be capable of detecting the presence of a target compound in the test solution. The ability of a bio-element to interact specifically with target compound (specificity) is the basis for biosensor.

10. 2nd COMPONENT – PHYSIOCHEMICAL TRANSDUCER Acts as an interface, measuring the physical change that occurs with the reaction at the bioreceptor, then transforming that energy into a measurable electrical output.

11. 3rd COMPONENT – DETECTOR Signals from the transducer are passed to a microprocessor, where they are amplified and analyzed. The data is then converted to concentration units and transferred to a display or/and data storage device.

12. Principle of Detection

13. Schematic Diagram of Biosensor

14. Glucose biosensors Glucose biosensors, widely used for diabetes management, utilize a biological recognition element (like an enzyme) to react with glucose and a transducer to convert the reaction into a measurable signal, often electrical. This signal, proportional to the glucose concentration, allows for real-time glucose monitoring. Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) use a sensor inserted under the skin to measure glucose in interstitial fluid, transmitting readings wirelessly to a receiver.

15. Biological Recognition A key component is an enzyme, most commonly glucose oxidase ( GOx ), that specifically interacts with glucose. GOx catalyzes the oxidation of glucose, producing gluconolactone and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). This reaction is dependent on the presence of a redox cofactor, like flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which is reduced during the reaction.

16. Transduction The generated H₂O₂ or the redox cofactor (FADH₂) can be detected electrochemically. For example, in amperometric sensors, the H₂O₂ is oxidized at a platinum electrode, generating a current proportional to the glucose concentration. Alternatively, a mediator can be used to transfer electrons from the enzyme to the electrode, again producing a measurable current.

17. Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) CGMs employ a small sensor inserted under the skin, typically in the interstitial fluid. The sensor measures glucose levels in this fluid, which is closely related to blood glucose levels. These sensors transmit data wirelessly to a receiver, which can be a dedicated device, a smartphone app, or even an insulin pump.

18. Biofuel

19. What are biofuels? Fuels that are produced from renewable resources, especially plant biomass, vegetable oils, or treated municipal and industrial wastes.

20. Biofuel is a type of renewable fuel that is derived from organic materials, such as plants and animal waste. It's considered a more environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels because it produces fewer greenhouse gas emissions . Biological carbon fixations have to be produced by fuel from biomass. With rising crude oil prices, biofuels are seen as a sustainable alternative to be used mainly as a blending with petroleum-based fossil fuels. India also has set targets of 20% ethanol blending in petrol and 5% biodiesel blending in diesel by 2030 under the National Policy on Biofuels 2018.

21. Why World need Biofuels? It may not be possible to provide the amount of energy demanded by the world by only using fossil fuels to convert energy. As the world population continues to grow and the limited amount of fossil fuels begins to diminish

22. Why Biofuel? Biofuels production and consumption ensures that the natural Carbon cycle to be 100% achieved which eliminates the continuous increase in Carbon Dioxide rates in the atmosphere which in turns will have the greatest effect on the environment and a way to end global warming For example, A crop of plants used to produce a barrel of biofuel will absorb the same amount of Carbon Dioxide as emitted from burning the barrel produced.

23. The jatropha – is a genus of flowering plants in the spurge family. This is a source of biofuel and is widely cultivated in many regions of the world. According to the records collected in the year 2009, Pakistan is the top country in developing biofuel energy resources globally.

24. Biomass Biomass is a renewable energy source derived from living or recently living organisms. Biomass includes biological material, not organic material like coal. Energy derived from biomass is mostly used to generate electricity or to produce heat. Thermal energy is extracted using combustion, torrefaction, pyrolysis and gasification. Biomass can be chemically and biochemically treated it to an energy rich fuel.

25. Classification of Biofuels This classification has three categories which are based on the utilized biomass. 1. First-generation biofuels: Biofuel can be produced from edible materials like sugar, starch, etc. It is also called conventional biofuel. 2. Second Generation biofuels: This type of category includes materials which are non-edible like agricultural residues or waste, wood etc. 3. Third generation biofuel: They are produced from microbes and algae. And high yield derived from this type of biofuel.

26. Common Types of Biofuel: 1. Biodiesel 2. Bioethanol 3. Bio-methanol

27. Types of biofuels Ethanol : It is a biofuel produced by fermenting and distilling sugars or starches found in crops like corn, sugarcane, and wheat. It is commonly used as a blending component in gasoline and can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, known as E85 (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline). Biodiesel : It is a renewable fuel made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled cooking oils. It is typically used as a substitute for diesel fuel and can be blended with petroleum diesel or used in its pure form. Biodiesel has lower emissions of pollutants compared to petroleum diesel and can be used in conventional diesel engines without any modifications.

28. Biodiesel is a liquid fuel produced from vegetable oils and animal fats through transesterification. It is used as a replacement or as a blending with petroleum-based diesel in various combinations such as B5, B20, B100, etc. B20 (commonly used due to cost-effectiveness, low emissions and compatibility with conventional engines) is a blend containing 20% biodiesel and 80% petroleum diesel. B100 (less commonly used) is a pure biodiesel

29. Biogas : It is produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic waste materials such as agricultural residues, food waste, and animal manure. It primarily consists of methane and carbon dioxide. Biogas can be used for heating, electricity generation, or as a vehicle fuel after purification, and can also be upgraded to biomethane for use in vehicles

30. Production of Biofuel 1. Feedstock Preparation: Biomass sources like crops, algae, and waste materials are harvested and processed. 2. Conversion: Biomass goes through different processes to extract usable energy: A. Biochemical Conversion: Microorganisms break down biomass to produce biofuels like ethanol and biogas. B. Thermochemical Conversion: Biomass is subjected to high heat and pressure to create biofuels like biodiesel and syngas. 3. Refining: The biofuel is further refined to meet specific quality standards.

31. Applications of Biofuel 1. Transportation: Across the world, nearly 60% of oil is used in transportation. Biofuels can be used as fuels in vehicles and aeroplanes , reducing carbon emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. 2. Electricity Generation: Biofuels can be burned to generate electricity, providing a renewable energy source.

32. 3. Heating and Cooking: In some regions, biofuels are used for heating homes and cooking. 4. Industrial Processes: Some industries use biofuels in their processes to reduce their carbon footprint. 6. Agriculture: Biofuels can power agricultural machinery and equipment. 7. Waste Management: Organic waste can be converted into biogas, which is used for heating and electricity

33. Advantages of Biofuel 1. Renewable Resources: Biofuels are made from organic materials, which can be replenished through farming and other sustainable practices, making them a renewable energy source. 2. Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Biofuels typically produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels, helping mitigate climate change. 3. Energy Security: Biofuels can reduce a country's dependence on imported fossil fuels, enhancing energy security. 4. Job Creation: The biofuel industry can create jobs in farming, processing, and distribution, contributing to the local economy. 5. Diverse Feedstocks: Various feedstocks like crops, algae, and waste materials can be used to produce biofuels, providing flexibility in production.

34. Disadvantages 1. Land Use and Food Competition: Growing biofuel crops can compete with food crops for land and resources, potentially leading to food shortages and higher prices. 2. Energy Intensive Production: Some biofuel production processes, especially for certain types like corn-based ethanol, can be energy-intensive and may reduce the net environmental benefits. 3. Limited Land Availability: Expanding biofuel production may require large amounts of land, potentially leading to deforestation and habitat loss. 4. Water Usage: Some biofuel crops require significant water for irrigation, which can strain local water resources. 5. Biodiversity Impact: Large-scale biofuel crop cultivation can lead to biodiversity loss as natural ecosystems are converted into agricultural land.

35. 6. Economic Challenges: Biofuel production can be influenced by factors like crop yields and oil prices, leading to economic challenges for producers. 7. Technological Limitations: Advanced biofuels, such as cellulosic ethanol, face technical and economic hurdles in scaling up production. 8. Transportation and Storage Issues: Biofuels can have different properties than fossil fuels, which may require changes in transportation and storage infrastructure. It's important to note that the advantages and disadvantages of biofuels can vary depending on the specific type of biofuel, the feedstock used, and the production methods employed. Sustainable practices and ongoing research aim to address some of the disadvantages while maximizing the benefits of biofuels.