Environmental Geotechnology

There is basic introduction about environmental geotechnology. This is the new allied branch of geotechnical engineering which is dealing with hydrology, environmental engineering as well as lithological formations. In some aspects it is also relate with microbiology as well called geomicrobiology.
This new area of geotechnical engineering can contribute to sustainability to the environment, economy of the ground improvement technology n many other fields as well.

1. Seminar on “ ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY” Prepare by : Kishan Bhadiyadra M.Tech. GeoTech. (1 st Year) (Roll no: MG018 ) 1 Civil Engineering Department Dharmsinh Desai University Nadiad

2. “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.” Introduction Why It Is Needed? Particle Energy Field Theory Concern of P-E-F Theory In Geotechnical Engineering Advances of Geotechnical Engineering Conclusion Reference Appendix 2 LIST OF CONTENT

3. Hsai – Yang Fang and John L. Daniels,1986 (clause 1.3) 3 Interaction with various environmental cycles, Biosphere, Lithosphere and Geomicrobiosphere. Interaction of soils with various influences of ground water and relative surface water within the time lapse of hydrological cycle. All about time-dependent environmental as well as hydrological influences on soil & rock structures. INTRODUCTION “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY .”

4. International Symposium on Environmental Geotechnology, Fang H. Y. (1986), V.1 , Pg.1-14 4 MSW and BMW Radioactive Waste Wetland Global Warming Desertification Flood Zones Land Filling Shortage of Land WHY IT IS NEEDED? “ENVIRONMENTA L GEOTECHNOLOGY.”

5. International Symposium on Environmental Geotechnology, Fang H. Y. (1986), V.1 , Pg.1-14 5 MSW and BMW Radioactive Waste Wetland Global Warming Desertification Flood Zones Land Filling Shortage of Land WHY IT IS NEEDED? “ENVIRONMENTA L GEOTECHNOLOGY.”

6. The Particle Energy Field Theory, Fang H. Y. (1989) 6 PARTICLE ENERGY FIELD THEORY “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.” What Is PEF Theory? New approach entitled for analyzing soil behaviour under various environmental conditions. The main purpose for developing this theory is to link unrelated phenomena into one system that reflects in situ conditions. Assumptions: The physical world is constructed of particles such as atoms, ions and molecules. These particles may attract or repel each other depending on their electromagnetic forces and structures. Bonding energy such as ionic, covalent, chemical bonding and linkage control the stress-strain-strength and durability between particles. Energies such as kinetic, potential, heat, electrical, magnetic and radiation are caused by the relative movement of particle. Particle system can be in solid, liquid and gaseous state.

7. Effects of Load/Environmental Factors & Energy Field Generation, Fang H. Y. (1997) 7 Soil Behaviuor PARTICLE ENERGY FIELD THEORY “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.” Factors System Change Energy Field Performance Effect Loading Factor Structure/Surcharge loading Mechanical Short-Term Effect Environmental Factor Fluctuating Temperature Thermal Possible Long Term Effect Variable soil oxidation/ reduction potential Electrical Variable iron content Magnetic Emission of radon gas Radiation Decomposition Biochemical

8. Fig. 3.1 State of Matter: Solid-Liquid-Gas Phases, Fang H. Y. (1997) 8 Solid-Liquid-Gas (Multiphase Interface) PARTICLE ENERGY FIELD THEORY “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.” Wet-Dry, Shrink-Swell Freeze-Thaw Energy Released Energy Required

9. Bridge To Link These Unrelated Groups Into Related System, Fang H. Y. (1997) 9 Collectively This Concept Is One Bridge Which Interlinks - PARTICLE ENERGY FIELD THEORY “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.” Soil Response Pore Fluid Characteristics Soil-Heat, Soil-Chemical Soil-Electrical, Soil-Liquid Soil-Foundation Structure Water & Dissolved Constituents Environmental Factors Hydrological Facto rs

10. STUDY ON UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL ON CONSTRUCTION & BRICK Fig. 4.1 Test Results, Evans & Fang (1984), (STP 977-1988, Pg. No. – 387-404) Hydraulic Conductivity 10 CONCERN OF P-E-F THEORY IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.” Permeant Type Potable Water Aniline (C 6 H 5 NH 2 ) Carbon Tetra Chloride (CCl 4 ) Evans & Fang Test The Hydraulic conductivity test was conducted with special triaxial permeameter having potable water & some contaminated water as permeant. Soil Sample Soil – Bentonite Mixture Bentonite 7% By Dry Wt. Fine Sand 93% Medium Sand 5% Silt 2% X 10 3

11. STUDY ON UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL ON CONSTRUCTION & BRICK Fig. 4.1 Test Results, Evans & Fang (1984), (STP 977-1988, Pg. No. – 387-404) Hydraulic Conductivity 11 CONCERN OF P-E-F THEORY IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.” Permeant Type Potable Water Aniline (C 6 H 5 NH 2 ) Carbon Tetra Chloride (CCl 4 ) Evans & Fang Test The Hydraulic conductivity test was conducted with special triaxial permeameter having potable water & some contaminated water as permeant. Soil Sample Soil – Bentonite Mixture Bentonite 7% By Dry Wt. Fine Sand 93% Medium Sand 5% Silt 2% X 10 3

12. STUDY ON UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL ON CONSTRUCTION & BRICK Fig. 4.1 Test Results, Evans & Fang (1984), (STP 977-1988, Pg. No. – 387-404) Hydraulic Conductivity 12 CONCERN OF P-E-F THEORY IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.” Permeant Type Potable Water Aniline (C 6 H 5 NH 2 ) Carbon Tetra Chloride (CCl 4 ) Evans & Fang Test The Hydraulic conductivity test was conducted with special triaxial permeameter having potable water & some contaminated water as permeant. Soil Sample Soil – Bentonite Mixture Bentonite 7% By Dry Wt. Fine Sand 93% Medium Sand 5% Silt 2% X 10 3

13. STUDY ON UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL ON CONSTRUCTION & BRICK Fig. 4.1 Test Results, Evans & Fang (1984), (STP 977-1988, Pg. No. – 387-404) Hydraulic Conductivity 13 CONCERN OF P-E-F THEORY IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.” Permeant Type Potable Water Aniline (C 6 H 5 NH 2 ) Carbon Tetra Chloride (CCl 4 ) Evans & Fang Test The Hydraulic conductivity test was conducted with special triaxial permeameter having potable water & some contaminated water as permeant. Soil Sample Soil – Bentonite Mixture Bentonite 7% By Dry Wt. Fine Sand 93% Medium Sand 5% Silt 2% X 10 3

14. STUDY ON UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL ON CONSTRUCTION & BRICK Fundamentals Of Soil Science, Miller C. E. & Turk L. M. (1943) Volume Change 14 CONCERN OF P-E-F THEORY IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.” Effects The formation of this kind of acid in subsurface soil leads to fermentation of organic matter that present in soil and it may result volume change in subsurface soil layer. It can also corrode the soil mineral as well as substructure. Geomicrobiology Bacteria (COHNS) H 2 S + 2O 2 H 2 SO 4 Basically, Microbial activity can cause acceleration in ion exchange reaction and rise of the aerobic & anaerobic decomposition.

15. STUDY ON UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL ON CONSTRUCTION & BRICK The Science of Soil Stabilization, (Highway Research Board), Winterkorn H. F. (1955) S orption 15 CONCERN OF P-E-F THEORY IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.” Adsorption is controlled by physical and physiochemical processes that depends upon local environment. Adsorption of microbes with soil particles produce biofilm around the surface of soil particle that can be use effectively in municipal solid waste containment as barrier Adsorption Particle Size : Adsorption increase with decrease in particle size due to more surface area available in smaller particle size. Pore Water Characteristics : Increase in pH value of pore fluid leads to higher water adsorption up to a pH of 8, Beyond which the behaviour is less pronounced. Organic Content : Adsorption will be higher and stronger with increase in organic content at subsurface level.

16. STUDY ON UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL ON CONSTRUCTION & BRICK Highway research Board, Karpoff K. P.(1953) (Volume 32, Pg. No. 526) Compaction 16 CONCERN OF P-E-F THEORY IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.” By Electrical Energy Field Electro-kinetic Process: In this process soil particles in suspension moving under an electrical gradient. Example: Trans - Canada Highway Bridge on Soft Clay (Geotechnical Engineering, H. Y. Fang & J. L. Daniels) (7.10.1, Pg. No. 216) Electro-osmosis Process: This refers to fluid flow through soil particles where only the fluid moves and the soil particles remain stationary. Dewatering of the site as well as safe removal of leachate from solid waste land fill site can be done by this kind of processes.

17. STUDY ON UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL ON CONSTRUCTION & BRICK Settlement of Waste Disposal Fills, Sower G. F.(1973), (Volume 04, Pg. No. 207-210) Consolidation 17 CONCERN OF P-E-F THEORY IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.” This parameter is very useful for development of infrastructure on solid waste landfill site. Example: Bharuch Enviro Infrastructure Ltd. (BEIL) has developed G+2 structure on a landfill site at Ankleshwar region. At landfill Site Sower’s Method: Where, ∆H = Total Settlement α = Co-efficient which depends on field conditions. (0.9e for condition of active decomposition & 0.3e for unfavourable conditions.) e = Void Ratio H = Fill Height t = Time  

18. STUDY ON UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL ON CONSTRUCTION & BRICK Microbial Factors in Soil Stabilization, Jones P. C. (1955), HRB, (Bulletin 108, Pg. No. 81-95) Strength of Soils 18 CONCERN OF P-E-F THEORY IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.” Environmental Factors Wetting – Drying Freezing – Thawing Leaching Adsorption Geomicrobiological Activity Microbes can make subsurface soil strong or weak that depends upon types of bacteria, their food availability and local environmental conditions for their survival. Soil -Microbial interaction is useful, Especially, the nitrifying bacteria like azotobactor can fix atmospheric nitrogen into the subsurface soil and that can make soil strong and more ductile. So that, this kind of soils with nitrifying bacterial biofilm can be used in landfill barriers in solid waste as well as radioactive waste containment to solve the cracking problems in barriers and leakage.

19. STUDY ON UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL ON CONSTRUCTION & BRICK Fundamentals Of Soil Science, Miller C. E. & Turk L. M. (1943) Failure Criteria 19 CONCERN OF P-E-F THEORY IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.” Pre-failure Stage The stability of soil mass is not only affected by the applied load, but also by pre – failure conditions and the genetic history of soil itself. The pre-failure stage is controlled by the local environmental factors under multimedia energy fields.

20. STUDY ON UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL ON CONSTRUCTION & BRICK Influence of Earth Pressure on the storage structure, HRB, (Volume 09, Pg. No. 211-249) Earth Pressure 20 CONCERN OF P-E-F THEORY IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.” Passive Earth Pressure This consideration is useful in the construction of large underground as well as on ground water tank, retaining wall and earthquake resisting structures. In passive earth pressure we have to consider lateral environmental forces or pressure also exist as a consequences of such activities as wind, water, and seismic events.

21. STUDY ON UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL ON CONSTRUCTION & BRICK Geological Study of Landslide, Shibuya T. (1973), Tokyo Landslides 21 CONCERN OF P-E-F THEORY IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.” Pre-failure Stage Landslide is caused by the drag action especially rainfall on the surface of bare or unprotected soil surface. It involves a process of both particle detachment and transport. The combination of long duration & High intensity in a given rainfall will seriously affect slope stability. Polluted pore fluid may speedup the ion exchange activity, decomposition process that result in slope stability failure.

22. 22 Sr. No. Development Type Purpose 1 Geosynthetics Separating a stone base material from underlying soil sub grade As a moisture barrier in waste contaminant applications Used in mechanically stabilized wall as shear strength support derived from geogrids Used for effective drainage in various structures and landfill sites Table:5.2 Advances in Geotechnical Engineering, Fang H. Y. & Daniels J. L. (2006), (Module 15) ADVANCES IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.” Geotextiles Geomembranes Geogrids Geonet

23. 23 Sr. No. Development Type Purpose 2 Special types of Walls As a wall built against a bank of earth or rock to prevent it from falling Used in and dam to prevent underground water flow through the structure Used in areas where depth is very deep to support vertical slope in deep excavation Used to direct the flow of the river into a more favourable and fixed channel direction. Table:5.2 Advances in Geotechnical Engineering, Fang H. Y. & Daniels J. L. (2006), (Module 15) ADVANCES IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.” Bearing Wall Cut-off Wall Diaphragm Wall Training Wall

24. 24 Sr. No. Development Type Purpose 3 Soil Nailing They are used to create a homogeneous composite reinforced soil mass Used in culverts, retaining wall and borehole to support and hold soil mass It provides recompaction and improvement of the surrounding ground & increase pullout resistance Used to double protection scheme similar to those commonly used in ground anchor practice Table:5.2 Advances in Geotechnical Engineering, Fang H. Y. & Daniels J. L. (2006), (Module 15) ADVANCES IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.” Driven Nails Grouted Nails Jet- Grouted Nails Corrosion Protected Nails

25. 25 Sr. No. Development Type Purpose 4 Sheet Piling As a retaining wall against soil, water or both soil and water. Table:5.2 Advances in Geotechnical Engineering, Fang H. Y. & Daniels J. L. (2006), (Module 15) ADVANCES IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.” Interlock Sheet Piling Bulkhead Sheet Piling

26. 26 Sr. No. Development Type Purpose 5 Anchor Systems Mechanical system designed to resist a lateral or upward force. It is used to resist hydrostatic upward force or to support various retaining structures. Anchors are used to resist a force in any direction Table:5.2 Advances in Geotechnical Engineering, Fang H. Y. & Daniels J. L. (2006), (Module 15) ADVANCES IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.” Soil Anchors Rock Anchors

27. 27 Sr. No. Development Type Purpose 6 Cofferdam & Cellular Structures Use to exclude earth and water from an area in order to work may be performed there under reasonably dry conditions. Table:5.2 Advances in Geotechnical Engineering, Fang H. Y. & Daniels J. L. (2006), (Module 15) ADVANCES IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.” Cofferdam Cellular structures

28. 28 CONCLUSION “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.” Most environmental and hydrological factors and its effects have not been studied enough to establish reliable relationship with soil. Currently, these effects are incorporated into a given design through use of a “Factor of Safety” excluding some basic effects. During planning stage, following basic items must be considered such as 1) Avoid great moisture transmission properties of the different constituents subsurface soil layers 2) Avoid direct pollution intrusion route 3) Avoid great difference in thermal gradient unless improve soils and make capable to face it effectively. Genetic Diagnosis: During analysis & design stage we must consider mineral structure, sensitivity of material and/or structural elements and strength history in all necessary aspects of environmental engineering and hydrological point of view. In modern man-made era of the world we need to develop localized Factor of Safety which deals with certain types of soil or site that frequently appear as problematic with higher risk of potential failure. In such a case conventional Factor of Safety must be adjusted according local environmental & hydrological factors.

29. Fig.6.1 Structure-Foundation-Soil-Environment Interactions, Fang H. Y. &Daniels( cl 15.3.1) 29 CONCLUSION “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.” With interdependency of this three fields we can contribute in sustainable development which can live significantly in upcoming odd changes of the world.

30. STUDY ON UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL ON CONSTRUCTION & BRICK 30 REFERENCE 1 Beattie A. A. & Chau, E.P.Y(1976), The assessment of landslides potential with recommendations for future research, Hong Kong, v.2, pp. 12-33. 2 Brinch Hansen, (1961), Earth pressure calculation, Danish Technical Press, Bulletin no.11, Copenhagen. 3 Cummings E. M.(1960), Cellular Cofferdam and docks, Transactions ASCE, v.125, pp13-34. 4 Dismuke T. D.(1991), Durability & protection of foundations, Chp.25, Foundation Engineering Handbook, pp.447-510. 5 Fang H. Y. (1986), Introductory remarks on Environmental Geotechnology, Proceedings 1 St International Symposium on Environmental Geotechnology, v.1, pp. 1-14. 6 Fang H. Y. (1989), Particle theory: unified approach for analysis soil behaviour, Proceedings 2 nd International Symposium on Environmental Geotechnology, v.1, pp. 167-194. “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.”

31. STUDY ON UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL ON CONSTRUCTION & BRICK 31 REFERENCE 7 Miller C. E. & Turk L. M. (1943), Fundamental of soil behaviour, EDN magazine, New York 8 Fang H. Y. (1992), Environmental Geotechnology :A Perspective , Proceedings Mediterranean Conference on Environmental Geotechnology, v.1, pp. 11-19. 9 Winterkorn H. F. (1955), The science of soil stabilization, Highway Research Board Bulletin 108, Pg. no. 1-24. 10 Fang H. Y. (1995), Engineering behaviour of urban refuse, compaction control & slope stability analysis, Proceedings GREEN, pp. 47-72. 11 Fang H. Y. (1997), Introduction to Environmental Geotechnology, CRC press, Boca Raton, FL, 625p. 12 Fang H. Y. (2002), Radioactive nuclear waste , ASCE practice periodical of hazardous, New York, v.6, pp. 102-111. “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.”

32. STUDY ON UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL ON CONSTRUCTION & BRICK 32 REFERENCE 13 Fang H. Y. (1989), Discussion of load factor versus environmental factor design criteria, Proceedings 1 st International Symposium on Environmental Geotechnology, v.1, pp. 340-342. 14 Fang H. Y. (1989), Soil contamination & decontamination under various conditions , Proceedings 4 th International Symposium on Environmental Geotechnology, v.1, pp. 1158-1171. 15 Karpoff K. P. (1953), Stabilization of fine grained soils by electro-osmotic and electro-kinetic methods, proceedings, Highway Research Board, Volume 32, Pg. no. 526 16 Hillel D. (1998), Environmental soil physics, Academic press, San Diego, CA, 771p. 17 Sowers G. F. (1973), Settlement of waste disposal fills, Proceedings, 9 th International conference soil mechanics & foundation engineering, Moscow, Volume 4, Pg. no. 207-210. 18 Terzaghi K. (1942), Soil moisture and capillary phenomena in soils, Hydrology, New York, pp.331-363. “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.”

33. STUDY ON UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL ON CONSTRUCTION & BRICK 33 19 Jones P. C. T. (1955), Microbiological factors in soil stabilization, highway Research Board Bulletin 108, Pg. no. 81-95. 20 Shibuya T. (1973), Geological study of landslide clay, KICT report no. 10, Tokyo, Pg. no. 37 Book REFERENCE “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.” Author Title Hsai – Yang Fang and John L. Daniels Introductory Geotechnical Engineering – An environmental Perspective Hagerty D. J. & Pavoni J. L. Solid Waste Management Hsai – Yang Fang Foundation Engineering Handbook V. N. S. Murthy Advanced Foundation Engineering Miller C. E. & Turk L. M. Fundamental of Soil Science

34. STUDY ON UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL ON CONSTRUCTION & BRICK 34 Plate 1: Unwanted Wetland Plate 2: Marine Deposits Plate 3: Saltwater Intrusion Plate 4: Estuaries APPENDIX “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.”

35. STUDY ON UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL ON CONSTRUCTION & BRICK 35 Plate 5: Soil Erosion by Water Plate 6: Soil Erosion by Wind Plate 7: Subsidence due to Earthquake Plate 8: Subsidence due to Flood APPENDIX “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.”

36. STUDY ON UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL ON CONSTRUCTION & BRICK 36 Plate 9: Subsidence by Excess Dewatering Plate 10: Subsidence in Tokyo Plate 11: Subsidence due to Mining Plate 12: Subsidence due to ground Contamination in Surat City APPENDIX “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY.”

37. STUDY ON UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL ON CONSTRUCTION & BRICK 37 Plate 13: Radon Gas Emission Plate 14: Landslide at Saputara APPENDIX “ENVIRONMENTAL GEOTECHNOLOGY .”

38. STUDY ON UTILIZATION OF WASTE MATERIAL ON CONSTRUCTION & BRICK 38 tHank you “Never Let Your Greed Overcome With Green, Start To Contribute With Your Field”