ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE- Echological niche, homeostasis in the ecosystem(PPT).pptx

Environmental science ppt

1. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

2. ECOLOGICAL NICHE HOMEOSTASIS IN THE ECOSYSTEM MAJOR TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM. TOPICS:

3. Ecological niche is a term for the position of a species within an ecosystem, describing both the range of conditions necessary for persistence of the species, and its ecological role in the ecosystem. It describes how a species interacts with and fits into its environment, including obtaining resources like food and shelter, and reproducing. A niche encompasses all biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors. ECOLOGICAL NICHE

4. Earthworms play the niche of soil aerators and decomposers. They consume organic matter like dead leaves and plant material in the soil. Earthworms live in the soil, where they burrow through it They feed on organic material which they break down into nutrients. Earthworms interact with plants by improving soil fertility, which enhances plant growth. They also provide a food source for predators like birds and rodents. Example: Earthworms in a Garden Soil:

5. HOMEOSTASIS IN THE ECOSYSTEM

6. Homeostasis in an ecosystem refers to the natural processes that maintain stability and balance within the system despite changes in environmental conditions. Just as organisms maintain internal stability by regulating their internal environment, ecosystems have mechanisms to keep their overall health and functioning stable. Ecosystem homeostasis is equilibrium, or a balance of the organisms in an ecosystem. This means the populations of species in the ecosystem are relatively stable. Over time, these populations will change, but in the short term, they should move up and down in cycles around an average value. HOMEOSTASIS IN THE ECOSYSTEM

7. Wolves and Deer in a Temperate Forest: Example: · Wolves are apex predators in a temperate forest ecosystem and prey on deer ·When the deer population increases, wolves have more food available, which can lead to a rise in the wolf population. ·As the wolf population grows, they hunt more deer, which helps to control the deer population. ·If the deer population decreases too much due to increased predation, the wolf population may also decline because there is less food available.

8. This cyclical interaction helps to maintain balance within the ecosystem. Too many deer can lead to overgrazing and damage to vegetation, affecting the entire ecosystem. Conversely, too few deer can lead to a decline in wolf numbers, which can then allow the deer population to recover. By controlling the deer population, wolves help maintain healthy plant communities and support the overall health of the forest. This balance also influences other species that depend on the vegetation and the wolves for survival. Example:

9. MAJOR TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM. Terrestrial Ecosystem Freshwater Ecosystems: Marine Ecosystem

10. Terrestrial Ecosystem The term terrestrial ecosystem refers to the community living or related to land. It is the land-based community of organisms interacting with biotic and abiotic components of the environment. Terrestrial ecosystems are large and hue. Therefore, these are divided into the biomes. Biomes can be understood as the community of plants and animals that live in an area naturally sharing the same common area.

11. Desert A desert is a landscape where little precipitation occurs and, consequently, living conditions create unique biomes and ecosystems. The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected surface of the ground to denudation. About one-third of the land surface of the Earth is arid or semi-arid.

12. Forest The forests are generally composed of trees and, a wide range of insects, birds, and mammals. These can be divided into temperate forests, tropical forests, and boreal forests. These are distributed across various latitudes because of which they have distinct climate conditions.

13. Forest For example, tropical forests are located near the equator in warm and humid climates. The temperate forests are located at higher latitudes witnessing the distinct seasons. Whereas boreal forests are found at higher latitudes, which have the coldest and driest climate with snow being the primary form of precipitation.

14. Freshwater Ecosystems The type of water ecosystem in which the water has a salt concentration of less than 1%. is called the freshwater ecosystem. This ecosystem covers only 2.5-2.75% of the total water cover of the planet but is the form of water that is required by the terrestrial organisms also along with the aquatic organisms found in it. It is further divided into; Lentic ecosystem, Lotic ecosystems and Swamps and Wetlands

15. Lentic ecosystem (lacustrine ecosystem) The freshwater ecosystem that includes water bodies that are static or still like lakes, and ponds. This type of ecosystem consists of floating or rooted plants and algae as vegetation. Water animals like shrimps, crabs, and some varieties of fish are found. Other than these land animals like snakes, alligators, crocodiles, and amphibians like frogs, and salamanders are also found.

16. Lotic ecosystems (riverine ecosystem) The freshwater ecosystem includes water bodies with rapid flow of water like streams and rivers. They have phytoplankton along with insects like beetles, mayflies, etc., and other species like dolphins, eel, trout, otters, etc.

17. Swamps and Wetlands The freshwater ecosystem that is partially or fully covered by water like marshes, swamps, and bogs. These areas house wide varieties of organisms like black spruce, water lilies, dragonflies, green heron, northern pike, crocodiles, etc.

18. The type of water ecosystem in which the water has a salt concentration of 35 ppt. or above is called a marine ecosystem or saltwater ecosystem. This ecosystem covers 98% of the total water cover of the planet. It has some unique life forms which have adapted to the high salt concentrations. It is further divided into; Ocean ecosystem, Estuaries, Coral reefs and Coastal ecosystem Marine Ecosystem

19. Ocean ecosystem Oceans cover more than 70% of the earth’s surface. There are five oceans present i.e. the Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean, and Southern Ocean. Out ofthese, the Pacific Ocean is the largest and the deepest followed by the Atlantic Ocean. Oceans are home to a variety of species like; algae, plankton, crustaceans, corals, sharks, whales, etc.

20. Estuaries It is the meeting point of a freshwater body and a saltwater body. The water has more salt concentration as compared to freshwater bodies but is diluted as compared to saltwater bodies. These areas receive large quantities of plant nutrients and usually have ambient sunlight so they are more productive due to large quantities of primary producers

21. Coral reefs These are formed by the dead remains of the coral polyps that form a shell-like covering of calcium carbonate which after their death forms a network with other such empty shells.

22. Coastal ecosystem The connecting point between land and water is called the coastal region. These regions have a diverse form of habitats in which the bottom regions are dominated by the huge range of algae, and aquatic plants. The animal species consists mainly of arthropods like insects, crabs, lobsters, etc. along with snails, fishes, etc.

23. THAT,S ALL THANK YOU!!