Environmental Studies- 2 ( Introduction to Ecology)

This presentation is second presentation under Environmental Studies Unit 1, it provides a basic introduction to the Ecology, including key terms regarding Ecology and key concepts of ecology. It was prepared specifically for teaching Semester 3 MSc.IT (Integrated) students.

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1. Course Code: Course Name: Environmental Studies with focus on Indian Practices Unit No: 1 (PPT 2) Unit Name: Introduction to Environmental Studies SEMESTER: 3 IMSc.IT Prepared by: A/P Jheel Barad Silver Oak College of Computer Applications (SOCCA)

2. ECOLOGY

3. Branch of science studying organisms, the environment, and their interactions. Definition: Ecology is the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with their physical environment Relationship between living things and environment It can also be defined as the study of ecosystem Coined by ERNST HAECKEL in 1866 ‘The comprehensive science of the relationship between organisms to the environment’ Ecology= Oikos (house or surrounding) + Logos ( study or knowledge) It is studied at various levels, such as organism, population, community, biosphere and ecosystem. What is Ecology?

4. Objectives of Ecology Study To study the inter-relationship between single and species in communities. To study the behaviour of different species in natural environment. To study the adjustment of species (structurally and functionally) with change in physical environment. To study development, productivity, energy and material flow in natural system. To study the effects of temporal changes on the activities of different species. To study the parameters which affect ecological balance (balancing between production and consumption of each component in ecosystem which impart stability to ecosystem) and functioning of ecosystem for performing modeling

5. Classification of Ecology (On the Basis of aspect) Ecology Synecology Autecology It is a study of communities and their behaviour and relations with abiotic environment. It has three types – population ecology, community ecology and ecosystem ecology. e.g., tribal belt, a pond, a forest It is ecology of an individual species and its population. It deals with study of inter relationship between individual species and its environment. e.g., a fish in pond, a tree in a forest. Classification of Ecology

6. Classification of Ecology (On the Basis of type of environment) Ecology Terrestrial Ecology Aquatic Ecology It includes marine, fresh water and stream ecology It includes grassland, forest and desert ecology

7. 1. Individual (Organism) - Single living entity e.g., a plant, animal, fungus, bacterium. 2. Population - Group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area. 3. Community - Different populations of various species interacting in a common location. 4. Ecosystem - Community of living organisms and their physical environment interacting as a system. 5. Biome - Large area characterized by its vegetation, soil, climate, and wildlife (e.g., desert, forest). 6. Biosphere - Global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships with the environment.

8. Types of Ecology Global Ecology: Focuses on interactions among Earth's ecosystems, land, atmosphere, and oceans. Helps understand large scale interactions and their influence on the planet. Landscape Ecology: Studies the exchange of energy, materials, organisms, and other products among ecosystems. Examines the role of human impacts on landscape structures and functions. Ecosystem Ecology: Studies entire ecosystems, including living and nonliving components and their relationships. Researches how ecosystems work and their interactions.

9. Community Ecology: Focuses on how community structure is modified by interactions among living organisms. Examines communities made up of two or more populations of different species in a geographic area. Population Ecology: Studies factors that alter and impact the genetic composition and size of populations. Investigates fluctuations in population size, growth, and interactions. Examines population distribution and density, determining species' status and resource management. Population: Set of individuals of the same species in a given place at a given time. Factors Influencing Population: Births, immigration (increase); death, emigration (decrease). Organismal Ecology: Studies individual organism's’ behavior, morphology, and physiology in response to environmental challenges. Researches how organisms interact with biotic and abiotic components and adapt to their surroundings.