ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES CHAPTER POLLUTION.pptx

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES CHAPTER POLLUTION

1. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

2. Environmental Pollution can be defined as any undesirable change in physical, chemical , or biological characteristics of any component of the environment i.e. air, water, soil which can cause harmful effects on various forms of life or property. Pollution: The term pollution can be defined as influence of any substance causing nuisance, harmful effects , and uneasiness to the organisms. Pollutant :- Any substance causing Nuisance or harmful effects or uneasiness to the organisms, then that particular substance may be called as the pollutant. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

3. TYPES OF POLLUTION WATER POLLUTION AIR POLLUTION LAND POLLUTION NOISE POLLUTION

4. WATER POLLUTION

5. Water Pollution can be defined as alteration in physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of water through natural or human activities and making it unsuitable for its designated use. Fresh Water present on the earth surface is put to many uses. It is used for drinking, domestic and municipal uses, agricultural, irrigation, industries etc . The used water becomes contaminated and is called waste water.

6. Most of Water Pollution is man made . It may also occur naturally by addition of soil particles through erosion , animal wastes and leaching of minerals from rocks . The sources of water pollution can be classified as Disease-causing agents (pathogens) which include bacteria, viruses, protozoa and parasitic worms that enter water from domestic sewage and untreated human and animal wastes. Human wastes contain concentrated populations of coliform bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis. These bacteria normally grow in the large intestine of humans where they are responsible for some food digestion and for the production of vitamin K. These bacteria are not harmful in low numbers. Large amounts of human waste in water, increases the number of these bacteria which cause gastrointestinal diseases. Oxygen depleting wastes . These are organic wastes that can be decomposed by aerobic (oxygen requiring) bacteria. Large populations of bacteria use up the oxygen present in water to degrade these wastes. In the process this degrades water quality. Inorganic plant nutrients . These are water soluble nitrates and phosphates that cause excessive growth of algae and other aquatic plants. The excessive growth of algae and aquatic plants due to added nutrients is called eutrophication. They may interfere with the use of the water by clogging water intake pipes, changing the taste and odour of water and cause a buildup of organic matter. Water soluble inorganic chemicals which are acids, salts and compounds of toxic metals such as mercury and lead. High levels of these chemicals can make the water unfit to drink, harm fish and other aquatic life, reduce crop yields and accelerate corrosion of equipment that use this water. SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION

7. organic chemicals , which include oil, gasoline, plastics, pesticides, cleaning solvents, detergent and many other chemicals. These are harmful to aquatic life and human health. They get into the water directly from industrial activity either from improper handling of the chemicals in industries and more often from improper and illegal disposal of chemical wastes. Sediment of suspended matter is another class of water pollutants. These are insoluble particles of soil and other solids that become suspended in water. This occurs when soil is eroded from the land. High levels of soil particles suspended in water, interferes with the penetration of sunlight. This reduces the photosynthetic activity of aquatic plants and algae disrupting the ecological balance of the aquatic bodies. Water soluble radioactive isotopes are yet another source of water pollution. These can be concentrated in various tissues and organs as they pass through food chains and food webs. Ionizing radiation emitted by such isotopes can cause birth defects, cancer and genetic damage.

8. INDUSTRIAL WASTE The major source of water pollution is the waste water discharged from industries and commercial bodies, these industries are chemical, metallurgical, food processing industries, textile, paper industries. They discharge several organic and inorganic pollutants. That prove highly toxic to living beings.

9. INORGANIC POLLUTANTS They include fine particles of different metals, chlorides, sulphates, oxides of iron, cadmium, acids and alkalies.

10. ORGANIC POLLUTANT They Include oils, fats, phenols, organic acids grease and several other organic compounds

11. Effects Of Water Pollution Water bodies in the vicinity of urban areas are extremely polluted. This is the result of dumping garbage and toxic chemicals by industrial and commercial establishments. Water pollution drastically affects aquatic life. It affects their metabolism, and behaviour , and causes illness and eventual death. Dioxin is a chemical that causes a lot of problems from reproduction to uncontrolled cell growth or cancer. This chemical is bioaccumulated in fish, chicken and meat. Chemicals such as this travel up the food chain before entering the human body. The effect of water pollution can have a huge impact on the food chain. It disrupts the food chain. Cadmium and lead are some toxic substances, these pollutants upon entering the food chain through animals (fish when consumed by animals, humans) can continue to disrupt at higher levels. Humans are affected by pollution and can contract diseases such as hepatitis through faecal matter in water sources. Poor drinking water treatment and unfit water can always cause an outbreak of infectious diseases such as cholera, etc. The ecosystem can be critically affected, modified and destructured because of water pollution.

12. Control measures for preventing water pollution Water pollution, to a larger extent, can be controlled by a variety of methods. Rather than releasing sewage waste into water bodies, it is better to treat them before discharge. Practising this can reduce the initial toxicity and the remaining substances can be degraded and rendered harmless by the water body itself. If the secondary treatment of water has been carried out, then this can be reused in sanitary systems and agricultural fields. A very special plant, the Water Hyacinth can absorb dissolved toxic chemicals such as cadmium and other such elements. Establishing these in regions prone to such kinds of pollutants will reduce the adverse effects to a large extent. Some chemical methods that help in the control of water pollution are precipitation, the ion exchange process,  reverse   osmosis , and coagulation. As an individual, reusing, reducing, and recycling wherever possible will advance a long way in overcoming the effects of water pollution.

13. AIR POLLUTION

14. Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment into the atmosphere. A substance in the air that can cause harm to humans and the environment is known as an air pollutant.

15. Carbon dioxide-this happens because of Deforestation and fossil fuel burning. Sulfur dioxide –Due to the burning of sulfur containing compounds of fossil fuels. Sulfur oxides- very dangerous to humans at a high concentration. Sulfur in the atmosphere is responsible for acid rain.

16. CO2 is a good transmitter of sunlight, but it also partially restricts infrared radiation going back from the earth into space, which produces the so- called greenhouse effect that prevents a drastic cooling of the Earth during the night. CO2 in atmosphere --> GLOBAL WARMING

17. MARINE POLLUTION Ocean are the final sink of all natural and manmade pollutants. Rivers discharge their pollutants into the sea. The sewage and garbage of costal cities are also dumped into the sea. The other sources include, discharge of oils, grease, detergents, and radioactive wastes from ships .

18. THERMAL POLLUTION Thermal Pollution of water is caused by the rise in temperature of water. The main source of thermal pollution are the thermal and nuclear power plants. The power generating plants use water as coolants and release hot water into the original source. Sudden rise in temperature kills fish and other aquatic animals.

19. LAND POLLUTION

20. Land pollution is the demolition of Earth's land surfaces often caused by human activities and their misuse of land resources. It occurs when waste is not disposed properly. Urbanization and industrialization are major causes of land pollution.

21. Four Main causes of land pollution: Construction Agriculture Domestic waste Industrial Waste

22. Buildings take up resources and land, the trees are chopped down and used to make buildings. Takes away the places for animals and other organisms to live.

23. As there are more and more people inhabiting the earth, food is in higher demand and so forests are chopped down and turned into farmland In addition, herbicides, pesticides, artificial fertilizers, animal manure are washed into the soil and pollute it.

24. Tons of domestic waste is dumped every day. Some waste from homes, offices and industries can be recycled or burnt in incinerators . There is still a lot of garbage, such as refrigerators and washing machines that are dumped in landfills simply because they cannot be reused in anyway, nor recycled .

25. Plastics factories, chemical plants, oil refineries, nuclear waste disposal activity, large animal farms, coal-fired power plants, metals production factories and other heavy industry all contribute to land pollution.

26. NOISE POLLUTION

27. Noise pollution is excessive, displeasing human, animal, or machine-created environmental noise that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life. Sound becomes undesirable when it disturbs the normal activities such as working, sleeping, and during conversations. World Health Organization stated that “Noise must be recognized as a major threat to human well- being”

28. Transportation systems are the main source of noise pollution in urban areas. Construction of buildings, highways, and streets cause a lot of noise, due to the usage of air compressors, bulldozers, loaders, dump trucks, and pavement breakers. Industrial noise also adds to the already unfavorable state of noise pollution. Loud speakers, plumbing, boilers, generators, air conditioners, fans, and vacuum cleaners add to the existing noise pollution.

29. According to the USEPA, there are direct links between noise and health. Also, noise pollution adversely affects the lives of millions of people. No ise pollutio n can damag e p h y sio l ogical and psychological health. High blood p r essu r e , st r ess r ela t ed i l l ness, sleep disr u ption, hearing loss, and productivity loss are the problems related to noise pollution. It can also cause memory loss, severe depression, and panic attacks.

30. SOLUTIONS FOR NOISE POLLUTION Planting bushes and trees in and around sound generating sources is an effective solution for noise pollution. Regular servicing and tuning of automobiles can effectively reduce the noise pollution Social awareness programs should be taken up to educate the public about the causes and effects of noise pollution. Workers should be provided with equipments such as ear plugs and earmuffs for hearing protection.

31. Similar to automobiles, lubrication of the machinery and servicing should be done to minimize noise generation. Soundproof doors and windows can be installed to block unwanted noise from outside. Regulations should be imposed to restrict the usage of play loudspeakers in crowded areas and public places. Factories and industries should be located far from the residential areas.

32. WAYS TO STOP POLLUTION We believe that it is the responsible thing to do to increase recycling. It is just like doing laundry and separating blacks and colors. The residents of the country should also try and do their part and put in at least one day of litter picking up.

33. GLOBAL WARMING AND THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

34. Global warming refers to a rise in the temperature of the surface of the earth. The Greenhouse Effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions

35. SOME PROOF OF GLOBAL WARMING PORTAGE GLACIER ALASKA THEN…. PORTAGE GLACIER ALASKA NOW….

36. COLORADO RIVER, AS OF JUNE 2002 COLORADO RIVER, AS OF DECEMBER 2003

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