Enzymes of The Kidney

Includes Chemotherapy

1. Enzymes of the kidney

2. Kidney Are two bean shape organ that secrete a variety of hormone, including erythropoietin, calcitriol and renin.

3. Erythropoientin Is released in response to hypoxia (low level of oxygen at tissue levels in the renal circulation). It stimulates erythropoiesis production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.

4. Renin Known as angiotensinogenase enzyme is an aspartic protase protein enzyme secreted by the kidneys that participates in the body reninangiotensin —aldosterone system (RAAS)—also known as reninangiotensin alsodterone axis—that mediates the volume of extracellular fluids (blood plasma, lymph and interstitial fluid), and arterial vasoconstriction. Thus it, regulates the body’s arterial blood pressure.

5. chemotheraphy Also called “chemo,” it’s a way to treat cancer that uses drugs to kill cancer cells.

6. How does chemotheraphy works? It targets cells that grow and divide quickly, as cancer cells do. Unlike radiation or surgery, which target specific areas, chemo can work throughout your body. But it can also affect some fast-growing healthy cells, like those of the skin, hair, intestines, and bone marrow.

7. What does chemotherapy do ? It depends on the kind of cancer you have and how far along it is.

8. CURE In some cases, the treatment can destroy cancer cells to the point that your doctor can no longer detect them in your body. After that, the best outcome is that they never grow back again, but that doesn’t always happen. In some cases, it may only be able to keep cancer from spreading to other parts of your body or slow the growth of cancer tumors. In some cases, chemotherapy can’t cure or control the spread of cancer and is simply used to shrink tumors that cause pain or pressure. These tumors often continue to grow back.

9. How long does chemotherapy last? That depends on: The type of cancer you have How far along it is The goal of treatment: cure, control growth, or ease pain The type of chemotherapy The way your body responds to the treatment You may have chemotherapy in “cycles,” which means a period of treatment and then a period of rest. For example, a 4-week cycle may be 1 week of treatment and then 3 weeks of rest. The rest allows your body to make new healthy cells. Once a cycle has been planned out, it’s better not to skip a treatment, but your doctor may suggest it if side effects are serious. Then your medical team will likely plan a new cycle to help you get back on track.

10. How is chemotherapy given? Injection: The drugs are delivered with a shot directly into muscle in your hip, thigh, or arm, or in the fatty part of your arm, leg, or stomach, just beneath the skin. Intra-arterial (IA): The drugs go directly into the artery that is feeding the cancer, through a needle, or soft, thin tube (catheter). Intraperitoneal (IP): The drugs are delivered to the peritoneal cavity, which contains organs such as your liver, intestines, stomach, and ovaries. It is done during surgery or through a tube with a special port that is put in by your doctor. Intravenous (IV): The chemotherapy goes directly into a vein. Topical: You rub the drugs in a cream form onto your skin. Oral: You swallow a pill or liquid that has the drugs.

11. 2 Types of plasma enzyme Functional Plasma Present in plasma at higher concentration than tissue Decreased in disease conditions Mostly synthesized in liver. Clotting enzyme, lipoprotein lipase Non-Functional Plasma Present in plasma at lower concentration Increased in disease conditions Mostly synthesized by liver, skeletal muscle, heart, brain. Creatine kinase, alanine

12. Isozyme/isoenzyme It represents the enzymes from different genes that process or catalyzed the same reaction. Differ in chemical and physical properties Electrophoretic mobility Ratio of the particles velocity to the strength of driving field. Kinetic properties Amino acid sequence Amino acid Composition

13. ISOZYME

14. LDH (Lactate dehydrogenase) Are present in many kinds of organs and tissues throughout the body (liver, heart, pancreas, kidneys) Has 5 isoenzymes; LDH-1(H4) is found mainly in the heart LDH-2(H3M1) reticuloendothelial system It is a network of connective tissue fibers inhibited by phagocytic cells such as macrophages that is ready to attack and injest microbes. LDH-3(H2M2) is found in the lungs LDH-4(H1M3) is found in the kidney placenta and pancreas LDH-5(M4) are found in liver and skeletal muscle

15. Allosteric regulation Is the regulation of an enzyme by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the enzymes active site.

16. ZYMOGEN An inactive substance that is converted into an enzyme when activated by another enzyme They are activated by removal of peptide sections. Are inactive because there catalytic sites masked by a polypeptide.

17. inactive active Prothromblin Thromblin Chymotrypsinogen Chymotrypsin Trypsinogen Trypsin Pepsinogen Pepsin Carboxypeptidase Carboxypeptidase Prophospholipase Phospholipase proelastase Elastase Fibrinogen Fibrin

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