ENZYMES PPT Bsc medical lab science and technology

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1. ENZYMES PRESENTATION BY :- HARWINDER SINGH SIAN B.SC (MEDICAL LAB SCIENCE )2 ND SEMESTER

2. INTRODUCTION OF ENZYMES Enzymes :-   The human body is composed of different, complex molecules, organs, tissues, cells, and proteins . Enzymes are proteins produced by living cells. They are biocatalysis ,i.e., they are able in very small amounts to hasten or modify a chemical reaction in the body without becoming involved in the reaction or affected by it . Enzyme are very useful tools in the diagnosis of diseases .  Enzymes play an important role in every function of the human body. Enzymes are also highly specific and usually act on a specific substrate of specific reactions. Without enzymes, we cannot even think of survival. Enzyme are specific in their reaction .they act on one type of substrate and will take part in only one type of reaction or in small range of reaction. The substrate is the substance on which the enzyme act. For example protease acts on protein ,amylase on starch and urease.

3. Mesurement of enzymes Enzymes are not measured directly because they are present in serum and plasma in very small amounts. The reaction of the amount of product formed during the reaction . thus , it is in fact the enzyme activity that is measured .

4. What do enzymes do ? IMPORTANCE :- Enzymes provide support for many important processes within the body. Some examples include: The digestive system:  Enzymes help the body break down larger complex molecules into smaller molecules, such as glucose, so that the body can use them as fuel. DNA replication:  Each cell in the body contains DNA. Each time a cell divides, the cell needs to copy its DNA. Enzymes help in this process  by unwinding  the DNA coils. Liver enzymes:  The liver breaks down toxins in the body. To do this, it uses a range of enzymes the facilitate the process of destroying the toxins. Other activities enzymes help with  include : hormone production cell regulation creating movement to make the muscle contract transporting materials around a cell respiration

5. Figure 1: The enzyme binds to the substrate and forms the  enzyme-substrate complex . This illustration represents how enzymes bind substrates via their active sites.

6. STRUCTURE OF ENZYMES Enzymes are a type of protein made up of many polypeptide chains, also known as amino acids, which are folded and coiled many times.  They have three-dimensional structures that are linear chains of amino acids.  They have different sites; the catalytic site and binding site together constitute the enzyme’s active site.

7. CLASSIFICATION OF ENZYMES Based on their structure and properties, they are classified into different types of enzymes. Enzymes work in a specific mechanism  . The six kinds of enzymes are oxidoreductases , transferases , hydrolases , lyases , ligases , and isomerases

8. oxidoreductases :- The enzyme oxidoreductase cataluses the oxidation and reduction where the electron transfer take place from one from of a molecule (electron donor ) to the other (electron receptor ). For example . Pyruvate dehydrogenase . Oxidoreductase enzyme usually utilize NADP+ or NAD+ as cofactor . Transferase :- These catalyses transfer the chemical group (functional group) from one compound (called the doner ) to another compound ( called receptor ). An example is a transaminase ,which transfers anamino group from one molecule to another Ligases :- ligase catalyses the ligation or joining of two large molecules by forming a new chemical bond between them . For example DNA ligase catalysis the joining of two fragments of DNA by forming a phosphodiester bond .

9. Hydrolases  Catalyze reactions that involve hydrolysis. It usually involves the transfer of functional groups to water. When the hydrolase acts on amide, glycosyl , peptide, ester, or other bonds, they not only catalyze the hydrolytic removal of a group from the substrate but also a transfer of the group to an acceptor compound For example: Chymotrypsin . Isomerases Catalyze reactions that transfer functional groups within a molecule so that isomeric forms are produced. These enzymes allow for structural or geometric changes within a compound. For example: phosphoglucose isomerase for converting glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate. Moving chemical group inside same substrate . Lyases Catalyze reactions where functional groups are added to break double bonds in molecules or the reverse where double bonds are formed by the removal of functional groups. For example: Fructose bisphosphate aldolase used in converting fructose 1,6-bisphospate to G3P and DHAP by cutting C-C bond.

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