ERATH AND LIFE SCIENCE - GENETIC ENGINEERING

ERATH AND LIFE SCIENCE - GENETIC ENGINEERING

1. GENETIC ENGINEERING

2. 1. define genetic engineering; 2. describe the techniques in genetic engineering as based from the situation given; and 3. appreciate the role of genetic engineering to human life OBJECTIVES

3. Genetic engineering is the process of changing or modifying the genes of an organism to give it new traits or abilities. In simple words, it means scientists take a gene from one organism and put it into another to make it do something new or better. GENETIC ENGINEERING

4. Example Scientists can insert a gene from bacteria into corn plants so the corn can resist insect pests. This makes the corn stronger and reduces the need for pesticides. In medicine, bacteria are genetically engineered to produce insulin, which helps people with diabetes. So, genetic engineering helps improve plants, animals, and even medicine by changing their DNA. GENETIC ENGINEERING

5. Type 1 diabetes is a condition where the pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin, and therefore the individual must take insulin, usually in the form of an injection. GENETIC ENGINEERING

6. CAN YOU GIVE BACTERIA A HUMAN GENE?

7. Type 1 diabetes is a condition where the pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin, and therefore the individual must take insulin, usually in the form of an injection. TYPE 1 DIABETES

8. so how is insulin produced in the setting so that with type 1 diabetes will have an adequate amount of insulin to inject?

9. Well one current and common way today is by using bacteria in a lab. These bacteria in a lab can be given the human gene for insulin and then the bacteria produce the insulin.

10. Lots of benefits on that: bacteria are relatively easy to grow, multiply quickly, don’t take up a ton of space.

11. Insulin scenarios are examples of transformation, which is the process where cell; commonly bacteria; can take up DNA from their environment and use that DNA. TRANSFORMATION

12. Transformation can occur in nature but these transformation were specifically performed using genes of interest from other organism. TRANSFORMATION

13. GENETIC ENGINEERING PROCESSES

14. RESTRICTION ENZYMES Restriction enzymes act like molecular scissors in genetic engineering. In simple words, they cut DNA at specific spots so scientists can remove or insert genes.

15. RESTRICTION ENZYMES PROCESS Scientists find the gene they want to use (for example, the insulin gene from humans). They use a restriction enzyme to cut the DNA around that gene. The same restriction enzyme is used to cut open the DNA of another organism, like a bacterium.

16. GEL ELECTROPHORESIS Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory method used to separate pieces of DNA based on their size using electricity . In simple words, it’s like sorting different lengths of DNA — kind of how a strainer separates big and small noodles .

17. GEL ELECTROPHORESIS PROCESS Scientists cut DNA using restriction enzymes, so it becomes small pieces. They place these DNA pieces into small “wells” in a soft gel (like jelly). An electric current is passed through the gel. 4. DNA has a negative charge, so it moves toward the positive side. 5. Smaller DNA pieces move faster and farther, while larger pieces move slower and stay closer to the start. 6. After some time, the DNA pieces form bands in the gel — each band shows a different size of DNA fragment.

18. RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY Recombinant DNA technology is a process where scientists combine DNA from two different organisms to create a new set of genetic instructions . In simple words, it means mixing genes from one organism with another to make something useful or new.

19. WHY AM I MAKING THIS? Let’s focus more on the whole bacteria producing insulin example to illustrate how this was done.

20. HUMAN CELL Most cells in your body, it contains a nucleus. And like most body cells, that nucleus contains the organism’s entire DNA code.

21. GENES Our genes are made up of DNA and so there is a gene that codes making the protein insulin in most of our body cells.

22. GENES While this gene be removed from a cell’s DNA, the gene for insulin can also be synthesized or arranged in a lab.

23. PLASMID This insulin gene can be inserted into a bacterial plasmid. Plasmid is like an extra set of genes in addition to the bacterial chromosomes that bacteria can use.

24. PLASMID Plasmid tend to be in a circular shape. But to get specific DNA into the plasmid, you have to make spare for that you can use RESTRICTION ENZYMES.

25. RESTRICTION ENZYMES Restriction enzymes are enzymes that cut in specific spot like tiny scissors, and you can cut a specific spot in the plasmid so you can add in that human insulin

26. LIGASE Also called as “molecular glues” Can be used to help seal it into place.

27. This is now considered recombinant DNA, because it contains not only the plasmid DNA but also the DNA of interest, the gene for producing insulin. RECOMBINANT DNA

28. GENE CLONING Production of the large numbers of identical recombinant DNA.

29. DNA SEQUENCING Used to identify the DNA sequence of cloned recombinant DNA molecule to further study.

30. POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) Makes copies of specific regions of sequenced DNA.

31. What do you think are the objectives/aim of scientists in genetic engineering? (3-5 SENTENCES) ½ CROSSWISE ACTIVITY 5: WHY OH WHY?