Ergastic substance final by pooja

sem-3 b.pharmacy GTU syllabus

1. Ergastic
Substances
Prepared by:
Pooja Khanpara
APIP, Jamnagar

2. Ergastic Substances or Cell
Inclusions
Cell Inclusions are non-living substances present in
the cells.
They are also called ergastic substances or ergastic
bodies.
They may be present in soluble or insoluble state and
can be organic or inorganic in nature.
These are present in components or sub-components
of cell.
They are raw materials or products of metabolism.
They may be exported or expelled from the cell.

3. The cell inclusions belong to three categories:-
1.Reserve food: carbohydrates, inulin, starch,
cellulose, sugars, glycogen, proteins, aminoacids,
fats & oil,
2.Excretory: Alkaloid, Glycosides, Tannins, resin,
latex, Volatile oil, Mineral crystals
3.Secretory products: enzymes, coloring matter,
nectar, vitamin, Hormones

4. Reserve food
They are of four main types-
Starch
Glycogen (Protein)
Fat droplets
Aleurone grains
Starch grains occur in plant cells. The grains
are found in chloroplasts and amyloplasts. As
such they are insoluble. The grains may occur
singly when they are called simple. They are
called compound starch grains when two or
more of them occur in amyloplasts.

5. Here SIMPLE STARCH grains of potato and wheat
repectively

6. COMPOUND STARCH grains in avena and
potato

7. Each starch grain has a central proteinaceous area
called HILUM. Starch is deposited around it in the
form of layers. Depending upon the position of
hilum,a starch grain may be concentric or
eccentric.
FAT DROPLETS: Fat droplets or globules occur
abundantly inside the seeds either in
endosperm(e.g., Castor,Coconut) or cotyledons(e.g.,
Groundnut,Mustard

8. ALEURONE GRAINS
They represent the storage proteins which are
generally insoluble and occur inside special
leucoplasts called aleuroplasts. Depending upon
their internal structure,aleurone grains are of four
types:
Amorphouus
Protein matrix containing a crytalloid
e.g., outer layer of endosperm in
wheat,maize,barley,grains.
Protein matrix with globoid
Protein matrix having both crytalloid and globoid

9. inclusion, e.g, endosperm cells of castor seeds.
CRYSTALLOID is crystal like protein-carbohydrate
body while glboid contains lipid and phytin

10. EXCRETORY PRODUCTS:
They are of several types like:
Essential oils
Alkaloids
Resins
Gums
Tannins
Waxes
Latex etc.

11. Tanniferous bodies are widely distributed in different
parts of the plant body and they are particularly
abundant in leaves,vascular tissues,periderm,unripe
fruits,seed coat. They are small granular or rounded
particles,yellow,red or brown in color.These phenolic
compounds are commercially useful in tanning industry.
Other solid and semi-solid substances,such as oils,fats
and waxes also occur frequently. Oils and fats are
common reserve materials of seeds,while waxes occur
usually as protective covering on the epidermis.

12. MINERAL MATTER(CRYSTALS)
Crystals of different composition,which are byproducts
of the metabolic processes of the cells,occur in
different parts of the plant.
Calcium oxalate crystals are most common in plants.
Their shape varies considerably and may be
elongated,needle-
like,rectangular,rhomboidal,sphaeroidal or prismatic.

13. The elongated crystals when occurring solitary are
known as styloids and when in bundles they are called
raphides.
Crystals of inorganic compounds, such as silica and
gypsum although uncommon are also present in some
plants.
In moneyplant,
Needle-shaped
Raphides appear as
Scratches on slide.
In Opuntia,arranged
In the form of spheres-
“Sphaeroraphides”

14. Silicon salts are often deposited in the cell
walls of grasses. Cystoliths, which are internal
outgrowth of cell wall occur in many plants.
e.g., Ficus
Calcium carbonate
Crystals present in
Sacs
-appear like bunch of
Grapes,”CYSTOLITH”

15. Chemical Group of Nature
Terpenoid
Glycosides
Tannin
Alkaloid
Resins
Lipids

23. Stass otto method
Powdered plant material (Crude Drug)
Continuous Hot Extraction with alcohol (Soxhlet)
Collect the Extract
Add Leadacetate to precipitate tannins
Filter and pass H2S gas
Filter and subject to fractional crystalization, distillation or chromatography
Pure Glycoside

23

24. Chemical Identification:
24
General test for steroids:
1.Liebermann’s test: compound + chloroform +equal amt. of
acetic anhydride + Few drops of conc. H
2
SO
4

Reddish violet Green
Test for Deoxysugars:
1.Keller-Kiliani’s Test: powder drug boil with 10 ml alcohol
for 2 min. Filter it add 10 ml water, 0.5 ml lead
acetate sol. Shake well & filtrate treated with chloroform
residue treated with glacial acetic acid cool & add
2 drop of FeCl
3
+ 2 ml conc. H
2
SO
4
on the wall of the tube
Acetic acid layer acquire Bluish-green colour
(Digitalis)
Acetic acid layer acquire Red colour (Squill)

25. 25
Test for 5-membered lactone ring:
1.Legal’s test:
Drug is boil with little pyridine + few drops of Na nitroprusside
+ made alkaline(NaOH)® deep pink to red colour.
2.Baljet test:Substance + sod. Picrate +alkaline ® yellow orange
colour
3.Kedde’s test : Drug + 1 drop of alcohol + 2 drop of 3,5
dinitrobenzoic acid (Kedde’s reagent A) + NaOH (Kedde’s
reagent B) ® violet(purple) colour.
4.Raymond Tests:
Substance + 0.1 ml 1% sol. Of dinitro benzene in methanol + 2-3-
drops of NaOH ® voilet then change in blue colour.

26. 26
Xanthydrol test (deoxysugar):
Substance +xanthydrol reagent in acetic acid + 1% Hcl ®
Red color
Salkowaski test:
drug chloroform sol. + conc. H
2
SO
4
® chloroform layer
produce Red color
Tollen’s test:
extract + mixture of pyridine & ammonial silver nitrate ®
form of silver mirror on wall of test tube
Antimony trichloride test:
drug solution heated with antimony trichloride and
trichloroacetic acid ® blue or violate color

44. Resins

59. Tannin

74. Volatile oil (Terpenoids)

98. THANK YOU