ESS grade 11 summative september 2012

1. GURU CHARAN KUMAR/IB ESS 2012

HUMANITIES DEPART MENT
ESS GRADE 11 SUMMATIVE-SEPTEMBER 2012
TIME: 1 HOUR MARKS: 45
1) The diagram below shows storages (in percentage of total water) and flows in the global
water cycle. The rates of flow are given in 10
15
kg yr
–1
.

(a) (i) what is the source of energy which drives the water cycle? ........................ .
(1)
(ii) In which of the processes given in the diagram does this energy enter the cycle?
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(1)
(b) (i) what percentage of all precipitation falls directly into the oceans?
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(1)
(ii) What percentage of all evaporated water comes from the oceans?
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(1)
(c) (i) Assuming the cycle is in steady state, what mass of water flows into the oceans
through run-off and groundwater flow per year?
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(2)
(ii) Explain why this figure might increase in the future, as a result of burning fossil
fuels. CLOUDS
0.001 %
ATMOSPHERIC
WATER VAPOUR
0.001 %
SURFACE WATER 0.001 %
ICE 2 %
GROUND WATER 1 %
OCEAN
97 %
Condensation
400
Precipitation
300
Precipitation
100
Evaporation
64
Evaporation
336
Run-off/groundwater flow

2. GURU CHARAN KUMAR/IB ESS 2012

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(3)
(d) Name a storage of water in the biosphere that is not shown in the diagram, and explain how
water is transferred in and out of this storage.
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(3)
(e) (i) State briefly one way in which one of the other flows in the diagram might change if
evaporation rates were to increase.
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(1)
(ii) Describe how two changes in the flows shown on the diagram could lead to a fall in
global temperatures and reduce global warming.
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(4)
(iii) Name the type of feedback involved in this reduction in global warming.
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(1)


(f) Identify each of the different processes referred to on the diagram as either transfer or
transformation processes.
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3. GURU CHARAN KUMAR/IB ESS 2012

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(2)
(Total 20 marks)
2) a) Define the following terms.
(i) Negative feedback
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(1)
(ii) Positive feedback
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(1)
(b) Suggest why most ecosystems are negative feedback systems.
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(1)
The diagram below represents a coal fired power station.

[Source: Adapted from D D Kemp, Global Environment Issues, A Climatological Approach, (Taylor & Francis,1994) p.
7. Reproduced by permission of Cengage Learning]
(c) Complete the diagram above by naming the missing input and the two missing outputs.
(2)
(Total 5 marks) smoke
coal
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
warm water

4. GURU CHARAN KUMAR/IB ESS 2012








3) a) (i) State the first law of thermodynamics.
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(1)
(ii) Calculate the amount of energy output in the model below.

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(2


(b) The diagram below represents a simplified hydrological cycle.



Input
1000 kJ
energy
10 % loss to
atmosphere
15 % stored
after loss to
atmosphere
OUTPUT = ?

5. GURU CHARAN KUMAR/IB ESS 2012


(i) Identify the processes corresponding to the arrows labeled 1 to 4 in the diagram.
1. ................................................................
2. ................................................................
3. ................................................................
4. ................................................................
(2)
(ii) Suggest one weakness in the model above.
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(1)














4.
3.
2.
1.
ATMOSPHERE
GROUND

6. GURU CHARAN KUMAR/IB ESS 2012


The graph below shows the estimated world water withdrawals from 1960 to 2000.

[J Loh, The Living Planet Report, © [2002] WWF (panda.org). Some rights reserved.]
(iii) Calculate the percentage increase in world water withdrawals from 1960 to 2000.
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(2)
(iv) Suggest three reasons for the increase in water withdrawals during the period 1960
to 2000.
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(3)
(Total 11 marks)
4) Figure 1 Relationship between number of Figure 2 Altitude habitat model 100
rodent species and altitude
4
3
2
1
0
Year
Water withdrawals /
10 km yr
3 3 –1
200019951990198519801975197019651960

7. GURU CHARAN KUMAR/IB ESS 2012


(a) With reference to Figure 1 describe the relationship which appears to exist between altitude
and the number of rodent species.
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(1)
(b) Predict three ways in which the altitude habitat model in Figure 2 might change as a result
of global warming.
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(3)
















(c) (ii) Explain the difference between an open system and a closed system. 100
Numbers
of
rodent
species

ssnowline
mountain
0 Altitude in 3000
metres

8. GURU CHARAN KUMAR/IB ESS 2012

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(2)




(b) The first and second laws of thermodynamics suggest that energy is neither made or lost,
merely transformed. Using a named ecosystem, outline how this occurs.
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(3)
(Total 9 marks)