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1. Essay And Report Writing . By Fatima Kausar

2. Essay Writing The word essay is derived in “The concise oxford dictionary” as “a literary composition (usually prose and short) on any subject. It is a written composition giving expression to one’s own personal ideas or opinions on some topic; but the term usually covers also any written composition, whether it expresses personal opinions, or gives information on any given subject, or details of a narrative or description.

3. Classification of Essay Writing Narrative: Tells a story from real life. It challenges students to share personal experiences in a vivid and engaging way. Descriptive: Describes a person, place, object, or memory in detail. It uses sensory details to create a strong image and convey deeper meaning. Expository: Explains or defines a topic using facts, examples, and statistics. Includes variations like comparison, cause and effect, and process essays. Reflective: Shares thoughts on abstract topics such as philosophy, religion, or social issues. Imaginative: Describes hypothetical situations or experiences, like "If I were a king" or the "autobiography of a horse," requiring creative thinking.

4. Parts of an Essay Introduction The introduction paragraph is the first paragraph of your essay. It must be interesting to your reader and must say why your topic is important. The introduction usually has three parts: The hook consist of several sentences that pulls the reader into the essay. The transitional sentence connects the hook to the thesis statement. The thesis statement is one or two sentences that states the idea of the essay.

5. Body of the Essay The body of your essay develops the main idea and consists of paragraphs connected by transition words, making it easier to read. Each paragraph includes; Topic Sentence: Introduces the main idea of the paragraph. Detail Sentences: Provide additional information and examples about the topic. Concluding/Transitional Sentence: Summarizes the paragraph and smoothly leads to the next one.

6. Conclusion The conclusion summarizes your findings and confirms that the essay's main idea has been fully explored. It should also include your personal opinion on the topic. The conclusion has two key parts: Summary Statement : Restates the thesis in a fresh way to reinforce the essay's main idea. Clincher : A final thought that leaves a lasting impression on the reader, often referred to as the closer.

7. Report Writing “A report is a statement of the result of an investigation or of any matter on which definite information is required.” Purpose of the report To give the information. To records events for decision making. To recommend specific action

8. Major Types of Report Writing Newspaper or Magazine Reports The main purpose of newspaper or magazine reports is to cover a particular event or happening. They generally elaborate upon the 4Ws and 1H, i.e. What, Where, When, Why, and How. The key elements of newspaper or magazine report writing are as follows: Headline (Title) Report’s Name, Place, and Date Body Conclusion (Citation of sources)

9. Business Reports Business reports analyze a situation or case using business theories, providing detailed assessments and suggestions for improvement. They are formal and usually longer than news reports, as they explore issues thoroughly and propose solutions. The basic structure of business reports includes: Table of Contents Executive summary Body Findings/Recommendations Conclusion

10. Technical Reports A technical report primarily serves the purpose of providing an empirical explanation of research-based material. It is commonly written by researchers for various purposes, including: Scientific journals Product development Presentations

11. Title Page Abstract/Summary Table of Contents. Introduction Methodology Findings/Results. Discussion Conclusion .