ESSENTIALS OF FIREFIGHTING VOLUME 4.pptx

About essential firefighting skills

1. ESSENTIALS OF FIREFIGHTING FUNDAMENTALS OF FIRE SUPPRESSION & CONTROL MODULE 4

2. TEN PHASES OF FIREFIGHTING 1. Pre-Fire Planning To know the problem which may be encountered & what to do at the fire ground in case fire starts in a particular building or area. a. gather information about existing conditions @ the vicinity of the building or area which is the subject for planning. b. conducting fire company inspection

3. TEN PHASES OF FIREFIGHTING 2. Size up Mental evaluation by the Ground Commander which enables him to determine his course of action and to accomplish his mission. considering factors include: a) Nature of fire. b) Tools or equipment available. c)The action to take. (decision from the Ground Commander) d)Wind direction.

4. TEN PHASES OF FIREFIGHTING 3. Rescue Removal/ extrication of the victim/s from endangered area and bring to the place of safety.

5. TEN PHASES OF FIREFIGHTING 4.Cover exposure To prevent the fire into extending/spreading to other uninvolved buildings. Placing fire streams directly to exposed building. Placing fire streams between burning building and exposed building. Entering exposed building and from windows placing fire streams directly to burning building.

6. TEN PHASES OF FIREFIGHTING 5. Confinement To prevent the fire from extending to the other portion of the burning building Involves protection of avenues of extension. UPWARD EXTENSION – Most rapid thru stairways, windows and air ducks. SIDEWARD – thru combustible partitions and doors. DOWNWARD – Slow thru combustible floors, stairways, and air ducks.

7. TEN PHASES OF FIREFIGHTING 6. Ventilation To displace hot smoke, poisonous and toxic gases from contaminated area and replacing fresh air from outside. Make an opening ( forced ventilation). b) Use of fog streams. c) Always consider wind direction.

8. TEN PHASES OF FIREFIGHTING 7. Extinguishment To put out the main body of fire. a) Locating the main body of fire. b) Proper use and techniques of applying fire streams. a. direct attack b. indirect attack c. combination attack

9. TEN PHASES OF FIREFIGHTING 8. Salvage To protect properties of value from preventable damages due to sources other than fire. Covering properties endangered of indirect damage.(water or heat). Removing endangered properties. Removal of excess water.

10. TEN PHASES OF FIREFIGHTING 9. Overhauling To prevent the fire from rekindling. Looking for remaining sources of ignition such as embers, open flames, sparks among debris. Making the area safe and habitable. Gathering physical evidences among debris to determine cause of the fire.

11. TEN PHASES OF FIREFIGHTING 10. Post fire analysis To conduct a critique of what was done during the fire operation. Is a cooperative discussion of fire personnel about all phases of fire from the time of the alarm was received until return to the station.

12. FIRE ATTACK METHODS

13. FIRE ATTACK METHODS

14. FIRE ATTACK METHODS

15. VENTILATION PRACTICES Why should you ventilate? When should you ventilate? How should you ventilate?

16. VENTILATION PRACTICES WHY SHOULD YOU VENTILATE There are only three reasons to ventilate. Increase survivability of occupants until rescue can be made Keep the fire from moving Ease heat and smoke pressure on the fire attack team (increase tenability).

17. VENTILATION PRACTICES WHEN SHOULD YOU VENTILATE To keep the fire in check ventilate as soon as you can. Keep in mind that this will increase fire intensity and should not happen too soon before attack. For rescue ventilate the room of origin as soon as practical with the same cautions as above. For fire attack ventilate just prior to the attack line entering the building.

18. VENTILATION PRACTICES HOW SHOULD YOU VENTILATE Ventilation can be accomplished vertically or horizontally. Vertical ventilation is going to the roof and cutting a hole. (backdraft) Horizontal ventilation has 3 different ways to be done Natural Positive Pressure Negative Pressure

19. FORCIBLE ENTRY method to gain access when normal means of entry cannot be used. Requires strength, knowledge, proper techniques and skill. REASONS FOR ENTRY Rescue Fire extinguishment Ingress/access Egress/extricate

20. TYPES OF FORCIBLE ENTRY TOOLS TYPES OF FORCIBLE ENTRY TOOLS Cutting tools (axe, bolt cutter cutting torches, saw, etc) Prying tools (crow bar, claw tool, pry axe, etc) Pushing/pulling tools (pike pole) Striking tools (sledge hammer, battering ram, hammer, etc)

21. POTENTIAL HAZARDS IN FIREFIGHTING Electric shock Inhalation exposure Roof collapse Backdrafts or other similar explosions

22. BACKDRAFT INDICATIONS

23. TYPES OF DRAGS & CARRIES LOVER’S CARRY FIREMAN’S CARRY PACK STRAP CARRY FIREMAN’S DRAG BLANKET DRAG

24. PRESERVING THE FIRE SCENE Why is there a need of preserving the fire scene? Evidence at a fire scene takes many different forms, some of which are transient (i.e., they are not permanent and may disappear quickly, such as impressions in evaporating liquids). First responders must understand how rescue, medical, fire suppression, overhaul, and salvage efforts can adversely affect different forms of evidence and take steps to preserve evidence accordingly. First responders should assess the fire scene to identify potential evidence, take preliminary steps top reserve it, and notify appropriate authorities about its existence

25. PRESERVING THE FIRE SCENE Procedure: To preserve evidence, first responders should: A. Observe and mentally note evidence that may be present at the scene, such as: Fire patterns (including multiple fire locations). Burn injuries to victims and fire patterns on clothing. Trailers, ignitable liquids, or other unusual fuel distribution(e.g., piles of newspapers, furniture pushed together). Incendiary/ignition/explosive devices (e.g., lighters, matches, timing devices). ◆ Shoe prints and tire impressions. ◆ Broken windows and doors. ◆ Distribution of broken glass and debris. ◆ Indications of forced entry (tools and tool marks).

26. PRESERVING THE FIRE SCENE ◆ Containers. ◆ Discarded clothing. ◆ Trace evidence (e.g., hairs, fibers, fingerprints, blood, other body fluids). ◆ Evidence of crimes in addition to the possible arson(e.g., weapons, bodies, drugs, clandestine drug laboratory equipment). ◆ Witnesses, bystanders, and victims. ◆ Any other unusual items or the absence of normal contents or structural components.

27. PRESERVING THE FIRE SCENE B. Recognize threats to evidence (i.e., its movement, removal, contamination, or destruction) from any of the following sources: ◆ Fire suppression activities, such as a straight stream applied at the point of origin or deluge applications that may wash away or dilute potential evidence. ◆ Overhaul activities that destroy fire patterns. ◆ Salvage activities that involve moving or removing potential physical evidence. ◆ Use of a tool in any manner that causes destruction of evidence. ◆ Movement of knobs, switches, and controls on appliances and utilities. ◆ Weather conditions that affect transient evidence (i.e., wind, precipitation, or temperature changes). ◆ Personnel walking through the scene.

28. PRESERVING THE FIRE SCENE ◆ Witnesses and victims leaving the scene. ◆ Medical intervention and treatment of victims (e.g., by damaging evidence at the scene or destroying victims’ clothing). ◆ Premature removal or movement of bodies. ◆ Vehicles at the scene (e.g., that introduce fluid to the scene through vehicle leaks or destroy other evidence, including shoe prints and tire impressions). ◆ Contamination from external sources, such as fuel-powered tools or equipment.

29. PRESERVING THE FIRE SCENE C. Protect evidence by: ◆ Limiting excessive fire suppression, overhaul, and salvage. ◆ Avoiding needless destruction of property. ◆ Leaving bodies undisturbed. ◆ Flagging items of evidence with cones or markers. ◆ Recording observations through written notes or voice recordings. ◆ Covering items or areas containing evidence with objects that will not contaminate the evidence (e.g., clean boxes or tarpaulins). ◆ Isolating items or areas containing evidence with rope, barrier tape, barricades, or sentries.

30. PRESERVING THE FIRE SCENE ◆ Retaining and securing clothing items removed from victims and suspects. ◆ Obtaining information about victims and witnesses (i.e., their names, addresses, and telephone numbers). ◆ Preserving transient evidence (e.g., trace evidence, shoeprints, tire impressions). ◆ Removing evidence at risk of imminent destruction by the fire or the structural collapse of the damaged building. ◆ Ensuring that later arriving investigators are fully apprised of the evidence discovered. Summary: First responders should recognize items that may have evidentiary value in a subsequent investigation and take steps to protect them from damage that could result from the fire, fire suppression, or rescue efforts.