Estimation of total solids, total suspended solids and total dissolved solids by Anju Bala.ppt

The term solid refers to the matter either filtrable or non-filtrable that remains as residue upon evaporation and subsequent drying at a defined temperature.
In effluent, the total solids, total dissolved solids and total suspended solids are mainly composed of carbonates bicarbonates, chlorides, sulphates, nitrates, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Mn, organic matter, silts and other particles.

1. Estimation of total solids, total suspended solids
and total dissolved solids in effluents
Presented by: Anju Bala
Admn. no. -L-2020-A-4-D
Submitted to: Dr.GS Dheri

2. Introduction
•Thetermsolidreferstothemattereitherfiltrableornon-filtrablethat
remainsasresidueuponevaporationandsubsequentdryingatadefined
temperature.
•Ineffluent,thetotalsolids,totaldissolvedsolidsandtotalsuspended
solidsaremainlycomposedofcarbonatesbicarbonates,chlorides,
sulphates,nitrates,Ca,Mg,Na,K,Mn,organicmatter,siltsandother
particles.

3. Total solids
•Thematerialleftinasamplevesselafterevaporationandsubsequent
ovendryingatadefinedtemperature.
•Totalsolidsincludesbothtotalsuspendedsolidsandtotaldissolved
solids,whicharephysicallyseparatedviafiltration.
Principle:
Evaporate a well mixed sample in a pre-weighed dish and dry it to constant
weight in a 103-105 °C oven. The increase compared to pre-weighed
represents total solids.

4. Apparatus and Equipment
a. Oven
b. Monopanbalance
c. Evaporating dish
d. Pipettes
e. Measuring cylinder
a
b
c
d e

5. Sample handling and preservation
•Preservationofsampleisnotpractical.Becausebiologicalactivitywill
continueafterasamplehasbeentaken.
•Toreducethischangeinsampletakenforsolidsdetermination,keepall
samplesat4°C.
•Donotallowsampletofreeze.
•Analysisshouldbebeginassoonaspossible.

6. Procedure
•Takeaknownvolumeofawell-mixedsampleindish.
•Evaporatethesampletodrynessat103-105°Cfor24hrs.
•Coolinadesiccator,weighandrecordthereading.

7. Calculation
The total solids are expressed as:
Total solids, mg/L = (A -B) x 1000 / sample volume (ml)
•A-Final weight of dried residue+ dish
•B-Weight of dish

8. Total dissolved solids (TDS)
•Thefilterableresidueisthematerialthatpassesthroughastandard
glassfilterdiskandremainsafterevaporationanddryingat180°C.
•Itisusedtodescribetheinorganicsaltsandsmallamountsof
organicmatterpresentinsolutioninwater.
•Theprincipalconstituentsareusuallycalcium,magnesium,sodium,
andpotassiumcationsandcarbonate,hydrogencarbonate,chloride,
sulphateandnitrateanions.

9. Principle
Filter a well mixed sample through a standard glass-fiber filter.
Then, transfer to pre-weighed dish, evaporate it to constant
weight in an oven at 180±2 °C. The increase compared to empty
pre-weighed dish weight represents TDS.

10. Apparatus and equipment
a.Evaporating dish
(porcelain)
b.Drying oven
c.Desiccator
d.Analytical balance
e.Filter paper
f.Flask
a
e
d
c
b
f

11. Procedure
•Filter the well-mixed sample under vacuum through membrane filter or
Gooch Crucible.
•Transfer 100 ml or more, depending upon the concentration of dissolved
solids, in a weighed evaporating dish.
•Evaporate to dryness on steam bath.
•Dry the evaporated sample for at least 1 hour in an oven at 180±2°C.
•Cool it in a desiccator and weigh.
•Repeat the drying until constant weight is obtained or weight loss is less
than 0.5mg.

12. Calculation
Total dissolved solids (mg/L) at 180°C = (A –B) x 1000 / C
Where:
•A -weight of dried residue + dish
•B -weight of dish
•C -ml of filtrate used

13. Total suspended solids
Thesearetheportionofsolidsthatusuallyremainsonthefilterpaper.It
consistofsilt,clay,fineparticlesoforganicandinorganicmatter.
Principle
Filterawell-mixedsamplethroughapreweighedstandardglassfibrefilter
andthendrythefilter,andtheresidueretainedonittoaconstantweightin
a103-105°Coven.TheincreaseinfilterweightrepresentsTSS.

14. Apparatus and Equipment
a.Drying oven
b.Glass fibrefilter disk
c.Desiccator
d.Analytical balance
e.Flask
a
d e
c
b

15. Procedure
•Transferameasuredvolumeofsampleintoaglassfibrefilter.
•Washfilterwiththreesuccessivevolumesof≥10mlreagentgradewater.
•Allowcompletedrainagebetweenwashings,andcontinuesuctionuntilall
tracesofwaterareremoved.
•Removethefilteranddryitfor≥1hin103-105°Coven.
•Coolitinadesiccatortoanambienttemperature,andweigh.

16. Calculations
Totalsuspendedsolids,mg/L=(A-B)X1000/Samplevolume(ml)
•A-finalweightoffilter+driedresidue(mg)
•B-weightoffilter
TSScanalsobeestimatedby:
TSS= TS-TDS

17. References
•Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater,
APHA, AWWA and WEF, 23
rd
edition, 2017.
•Poddar P K and SahuO (2017) Quality and management of
wastewater in sugar industry. Appl water Sci, 7:461-68.
•Microsoft Word -2edvol3.RTF (who.int)