EUROPE HISTORY / TIMELINE / LITERATURE WORKS

World Literature History Europe

1. EUROPE ALJ TAYAB KERVIN OCAMPO ERWIN DEONA PRESENTED BY:

2. HISTORY HISTORY

3. •Renaissance: •Enlightenment: •Romanticism: •Realism/Naturalism: •Victorian Period: •Modernism: •Post-Modernism: Periods of Literature: 1400-1600 1650- 1800 1798 – 1870 1850-1914 1832- 1901 1870 – 1965 1965- Present

4. Renaissance The Renaissance was a period of transition that left behind the medieval ways of the past and launched society towards a modern world. At this time, people were concerned with individualism, as well as self and societal improvement. Many writers produced pieces that catered to wealthy patrons who commissioned their work. Johannes Gutenberg created the printing press in 1440, allowing for mass production of pamphlets and novels. This gave people an increased opportunity to read publications of various authors like Petrarch and Boccaccio. (1400-1600)

5. Renaissance Works of Note Petrarch: Canzoniere, Trionfi Giovanni Boccaccio : The Decameron Niccolo Machiavelli : The Prince John Milton : Paradise Lost Miguel de Cervantes : Don Quixote Dante Alighieri : Divina Commedia Sir Thomas More : Utopia William Shakespeare : King Lear, Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet Christopher Marlowe : Doctor Faustus

6. Enlightenment The enlightenment was a period of great change in policies and beliefs politically, economically, and socially. Philosophes criticized the status quo. They produced many theories in literature for the betterment of humankind. A ‘print culture’ emerged, the volume of printed material dramatically increased. 1650 - 1800

7. Enlightenment Works of Note Thomas Hobbes : Leviathan J ean-Jacques Rousseau : The Social Contract, Emile, and Confessions. Denis Diderot : Encyclopedie Mary Wollstonecraft : A Vindication of the Rights of Women Jonathan Swift : Gulliver’s Travels Voltaire : Candide

8. Enlightenment thinkers NEWTON •Synthesized Kepler and Galileo’s ideas into his Laws of Motion, pioneered physics and calculus. LOCKE his term “Tabula Rasa,” a phrase that represented the idea that people are born a ‘blank slate,’ and over time are altered to become good or evil depending on their environment.

9. Romanticism The term, “Romanticism” was originally used to describe literature in 17th century Europe that writers saw as unrealistic, filled with emotions, or over the top in its stylistic tendencies. Many people have come to used the terms “romantic” and “gothic” interchangeably to describe this type of literature. Romantic is the broad literary period/ category, gothic literature is a subset of this movement. This movement, centered in Germany, played off of the type of material often seen in medieval romances. Many romantic novels delved into dramatic new subject matter, often focusing on a character who lived on the edge of, or outside of normal society. (1798 – 1870)

10. Romanticism Works Of Note Horace Walpole : The Castle of Otranto Victor Hugo : Les Miserables Mary Shelley : Frankenstein Samuel Taylor Coleridge : The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Lyrical Ballads Lord Byron : Don Juan, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage William Wordsworth : The Prelude Fredrick Schlegel : Lucinde

11. Realism/Naturalism Gave a look into the dull verities of bourgeois life. Used a pseudo-scientific perspective to bring objectivity to the hypocrisy and brutality of the time. Rejected the idealization that was used previously in the Romantic movement, instead turning to the dark reality of the middle class way of life. Realist writers often broached the subject of the flaws of society, exhibiting “alcoholism, prostitution, adultery, labor strife” (Kagan, 807) and other topics that had not previously been brought to light. Writers like Zola and Ibsen worked to uncover the unpleasant immorality of the middle-class. (1850 - 1914)

12. Realism Works Of Note Emile Zola : L’Assommoir Leo Tolstoy : War and Peace Claude Bernard : Introduction to the Study of Experimental Science Fyodor Dostoyevsky : Crime and Punishment Charles Dickens : The Adventures of Oliver Twist

13. Victorian Period Gave a look into the dull verities of bourgeois life. Used a pseudo-scientific perspective to bring objectivity to the hypocrisy and brutality of the time. Rejected the idealization that was used previously in the Romantic movement, instead turning to the dark reality of the middle class way of life. Realist writers often broached the subject of the flaws of society, exhibiting “alcoholism, prostitution, adultery, labor strife” (Kagan, 807) and other topics that had not previously been brought to light. Writers like Zola and Ibsen worked to uncover the unpleasant immorality of the middle-class. 1832 - 1901

14. Victorian Works Of Note William Makepeace Thackeray : Vanity Fair Robert Louis Stevenson : Treasure Island Oscar Wilde : The Importance of Being Earnest George Eliot : Middlemarch Emily Bronte : Wuthering Heights

15. Modernism Modernism, like realism, provided critique of morality of the middle class society. Unlike realism, however, Modernism focused on aesthetics, rather than societal issues. Modernism mirrored the upheaval seen in society as a result of WWI. Proponents of Modernism toyed with new forms and styles of writing, including a technique called stream of consciousness. Developed by Marcel Proust, the ‘stream of consciousness’ style allowed the author to explore all of the facets of their thought process without any suggested formatting rules. (1870 – 1965)

16. Modernism Works Of Note Virginia Woolf : A Room of One’s Own, Mrs. Dalloway James Joyce : Ulysses, Finnegan’s Wake Marcel Proust : Remembrance of Things Past George Orwell : Animal Farm Franz Kafka : The Metamorphosis, The Trial, The Warden of the Tomb William Butler Yeats : The Tower Joseph Conrad : Heart of Darkness Alfred Doblin : Berlin Alexanderplatz William Golding : Lord of the Flies Albert Camus : The Stranger

17. Post-Modernism Literary and societal response to the elitism of high modernism, as well as the horrifying events of WWII. Characterized by a strange mix of high and low culture. Fragmentation, paradox, and narrators that are difficult to define are common. The style of writing evokes the absence of tradition in a modern consumer-driven, technologically based society. Authors began to use a jumble of various ingredients, known as pastiche, that had not been seen as appropriate for literature before, in order to create a more complex story, filled with allusions to events and style of other literary works that took a certain level of education to recognize or even begin to appreciate. 1965 - Present

18. Post-Modernism Works Of Note • Rahld Dahl: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory •Alasdair Gray, Lanark : A Life in Four Books •Alan Moore : Watchmen •Dmitry Galkovsky : The Infinite Deadlock •Umberto Eco : Foucault’s Pendulum •Vladimir Nabokov : Mother Night

19. Timeline EUROPEAN LITERATURE

20. Larana Museum THREE The MUSKETEERS by Alexandre Dumas

21. AUTHOR About the Biographical Information Literary Influences Major Works Impact and Legacy Historical and Social Context Writing Style and Techniques Personal Philosophy or Beliefs Alexandre Dumas

22. Full Name: Alexandre Dumas Birthdate: July 24, 1802 Birthplace: Villers-Cotterêts, France Nationality: French Heritage: Mixed-race (African and French) Occupation: Writer Notable Works: "The Three Musketeers," "The Count of Monte Cristo," "The Man in the Iron Mask" Literary Style: Historical fiction, adventure, romance Influence: One of the most prolific and celebrated authors of the 19th century DUMAS Alexandre Biographical Information

23. Historical events and figures: Dumas drew inspiration from various historical events, figures, and periods, incorporating them into his novels to create rich and immersive narratives. DUMAS Alexandre Literary Influences

24. "The Three Musketeers" "The Count of Monte Cristo" "The Man in the Iron Mask" "Twenty Years After" "The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later" "The Black Tulip" "The Corsican Brothers" "La Reine Margot" (Queen Margot) DUMAS Alexandre Major Works

25. Enduring Influence: Dumas' works have had a profound and enduring impact on literature, inspiring countless adaptations, interpretations, and homages across various media and genres. DUMAS Alexandre Impact and Legacy

26. Dumas lived during a period of significant social and political upheaval in France, including the aftermath of the French Revolution, the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, and the July Monarchy under King Louis-Philippe, which greatly influenced the themes and settings of his novels. DUMAS Alexandre ·Historical and Social Context

27. Prolific storytelling Historical accuracy blended with fiction Dynamic dialogue Suspense and intrigue Exploration of themes DUMAS Alexandre ·Writing Style and Techniques

28. Dumas believed in the power of storytelling to illuminate the human experience, convey moral lessons, and inspire empathy and understanding among readers. DUMAS Alexandre ·Personal Philosophy or Beliefs

29. "The Three Musketeers" by Alexandre Dumas is a classic adventure novel set in 17th century France during the reign of King Louis XIII. The story follows the journey of a young Gascon named d'Artagnan, who travels to Paris with dreams of becoming a musketeer, a member of the elite King's guard. Along the way, d'Artagnan encounters a series of challenges and adventures that test his courage, loyalty, and honor. PLOT SUMMARY

30. The novel begins with d'Artagnan leaving his family home in Gascony to seek his fortune in Paris. Armed with a letter of recommendation from his father, d'Artagnan sets out on his journey, determined to prove himself worthy of joining the prestigious ranks of the musketeers. However, upon arriving in Paris, d'Artagnan immediately finds himself embroiled in a series of duels and misunderstandings with three musketeers: Athos, Porthos, and Aramis.

31. Despite their initial antagonism, d'Artagnan soon forms a bond with the three musketeers and joins forces with them to thwart the machinations of Cardinal Richelieu, the powerful chief minister of France, and his agent, the mysterious and seductive Milady de Winter. Together, the four musketeers engage in daring escapades, including rescuing the queen's diamond studs, foiling an assassination plot against the Duke of Buckingham, and defending the honor of the queen herself.

32. As the story unfolds, d'Artagnan and his companions navigate a web of political intrigue, betrayal, and romance, all while remaining steadfast in their loyalty to one another and to the crown. Along the way, d'Artagnan falls in love with Constance Bonacieux, the queen's seamstress, and forms a complex relationship with Milady de Winter, whose true identity and motives remain shrouded in mystery.

33. In the climactic final showdown, d'Artagnan and the musketeers confront Milady de Winter and her allies in a dramatic duel that culminates in her demise. With their enemies defeated and their honor restored, d'Artagnan and his companions emerge victorious, their bond stronger than ever.

34. "The Three Musketeers" is a timeless tale of adventure, friendship, and honor, filled with memorable characters, thrilling escapades, and poignant themes that continue to resonate with readers to this day. Through its vivid portrayal of 17th century France and its exploration of timeless values such as loyalty, courage, and camaraderie, the novel remains a beloved classic of literature.

35. ANALYSIS Character The protagonist of the novel, d'Artagnan is a young Gascon who travels to Paris with dreams of becoming a musketeer. He is brave, impulsive, and fiercely loyal to his friends. Throughout the story, d'Artagnan navigates the complex world of court intrigue, engages in duels, and proves himself a worthy companion to the Three Musketeers D'Artagnan

36. ANALYSIS Character The third musketeer, Aramis is distinguished by his intelligence, wit, and devotion to the priesthood. Although he aspires to become a church official, Aramis is drawn into the musketeers' adventures and proves himself a formidable ally in their quests. Aramis

37. ANALYSIS Character One of the Three Musketeers, Athos is a nobleman with a mysterious past. He is depicted as a brooding and enigmatic figure, known for his stoic demeanor and skill with a sword. Athos serves as a mentor and father figure to d'Artagnan, guiding him through the challenges they face together. Athos

38. ANALYSIS Character Another member of the Three Musketeers, Porthos is a larger-than-life character known for his strength, bravado, and love of luxury. Despite his flamboyant personality, Porthos is a loyal friend and fierce fighter who stands by his comrades in times of need. Porthos

39. ANALYSIS Character The primary antagonist of the novel, Cardinal Richelieu is the powerful chief minister of France who seeks to consolidate his own power and influence. Cunning, manipulative, and ambitious, Richelieu schemes to undermine his enemies, including the musketeers, in order to advance his political agenda. Cardinal Richelieu

40. ANALYSIS Character A mysterious and seductive femme fatale, Milady de Winter serves as an agent of Cardinal Richelieu and a recurring adversary to the musketeers. Cunning and ruthless, she manipulates events from behind the scenes, using her beauty and charm to deceive those around her. Milady de Winter

41. ANALYSIS Character The queen consort of King Louis XIII, Queen Anne plays a significant role in the political intrigues of the novel. She is embroiled in a scandal involving her diamond studs, which becomes a focal point of the plot as the musketeers work to recover them and protect her honor. Queen Anne of Austria

42. ANALYSIS Character The weak and ineffectual king of France, Louis XIII is easily manipulated by his advisors, including Cardinal Richelieu. Despite his lack of authority, Louis serves as a symbol of royal power and privilege in the novel. King Louis XIII

43. 01 The atmosphere of "The Three Musketeers" is one of excitement, danger, and romance. 02 SETTINGS ATMOSPHERE The novel is primarily set in France during the early 17th century, a time of political intrigue, social upheaval, and cultural flourishing.

44. 17th Century France Feudal Society Chivalric Tradition Religious Conflict Court Intrigue Literary and Cultural Influences Gender Roles Urban Life CONTEXT Cultural

45. NARRATIVE STYLE STRUCTURE Third-Person Omniscient 01 02 03 and 04 Character-Driven Storytelling Vivid Imagery Historical Detail 05 Dramatic Tension

46. THEMES Major Friendship and Loyalty Honor and Chivalry Love and Romance Power and Politics Identity and Redemption

47. 17th Century France Feudal Society Chivalric Tradition Religious Conflict Court Intrigue Literary and Cultural Influences Gender Roles Urban Life IMAGERY Symbolism

48. RELEVANCE CONTEXT CULTURAL IDENTITY UNITY & COOPERATION HISTORICAL CONTEX to the

49. AUTHOR About the Biographical Information Literary Influences Major Works Impact and Legacy Historical and Social Context Writing Style and Techniques Personal Philosophy or Beliefs Victor Hugo

50. Full Name: Victor-Marie Hugo Birthdate:26 February 1802 Birthplace: Besançon Nationality: French Occupation: poet, playwright, essayist, and politician Notable Works: The Hunchback of Notre-Dame) (1831) and Les Misérables (1862) Literary Style: its richness, complexity, and depth Influence: One of the greatest elegiac and lyric poets of his time Hugo Victor Biographical Information

51. Hugo advocated for social justice, fought against the death penalty, and championed the rights of the oppressed and marginalized. Hugo was a central figure in the Romantic literary movement, which emphasized emotion, individualism, and the power of the imagination. His works often explore themes of love, passion, and the struggle for freedom. Hugo's work have been translated into numerous languages and adapted into countless films, stage productions, and musicals. "Les Misérables," in particular, has achieved global acclaim and has become one of the most beloved and enduring stories of all time. hugo Victor Literary Influences

52. "Les Misérables" (1862) "The Hunchback of Notre-Dame" (1831) "Les Contemplations" (1856) "The Last Day of a Condemned Man" (1829) "Napoleon the Little" (1852) "The Toilers of the Sea" (1866) hugo Victor Major Works

53. Advancement of Social Justice - his relentless advocacy for social justice and human rights. Cultural Icon - Hugo's characters and stories have become iconic symbols of resilience, compassion, and the human spirit. Literary Innovation - literary style and innovative storytelling techniques have had a lasting impact on the development of literature. Inspiration for Activism and Reform - His commitment to social justice and his willingness to speak out against injustice continue to inspire activists, writers, and leaders around the world. hugo Victor Impact and Legacy

54. - Hugo's work helps to illuminate the themes, characters, and messages embedded in his writing. His novels are not only literary masterpieces but also valuable historical and social documents that offer insights into the challenges and aspirations of 19th-century France. hugo Victor ·Historical and Social Context

55. Descriptive Detail - using rich and vivid language to paint detailed portraits of characters, settings, and events. Symbolism and Allegory – He uses symbolism and allegory to convey deeper meanings and themes in his writing. Emotional Intensity - Hugo's writing is characterized by its emotional depth and intensity. Social Commentary - his writing was used as a vehicle for social criticism and commentary, addressing pressing issues of his time such as poverty, injustice, and political corruption. Narrative Structure - He frequently employed flashbacks, multiple perspectives, and nonlinear storytelling to create dynamic and engaging narratives. Poetic Language - His use of rhythm, metaphor, and figurative language adds beauty and depth to his writing. hugo Victor Writing Style and Techniques

56. Victor Hugo's personal philosophy and beliefs encompassed a commitment to human dignity, freedom, and compassion, as well as a belief in the transformative power of art and literature to inspire change and elevate the human spirit. hugo Victor Personal Philosophy or Beliefs

57. Hunchback of notre dame The

58. During the 1482 Festival of Fools in Paris, Quasimodo, the hunchback of Notre Dame, is elected the Pope of Fools for being the ugliest person in Paris. He is hoisted on a throne and paraded around Paris by the jeering mob. Pierre Gringoire , a struggling poet and philosopher, tries unsuccessfully to get the crowd to watch his play instead of the parade. Archdeacon Claude Frollo appears and stops the parade and orders Quasimodo back to Notre Dame with him. Looking for something to eat, Gringoire admires the graceful beauty of La Esmerelda, a gypsy street dancer, and decides to follow her home. After rounding a corner, she is suddenly attacked by Quasimodo and Frollo. Gringoire rushes to help her but is knocked out by Quasimodo as Frollo runs away. The King's Archers, led by Phoebus de Chateaupers arrive just in time and capture the hunchback. Later that night, a group of beggars and thieves are about to hang Gringoire when La Esmerelda comes forward and offers to save his life by "marrying" him for four years only. Plot Summary Hunchback of notre dame The

59. The next day, Quasimodo is put on trial and sentenced to two hours of torture in the Place de Grève . He suffers both the pain of being stretched and pulled apart as well as being publicly humiliated by the crowd of people, who hate him for his ugliness. He begs for water, but no one answers his pleas until La Esmerelda comes forth and brings him something to drink. Nearby, a recluse called Sister Gudule , screams at La Esmerelda for being a "gypsy child- thief" and blames her for her daughter's kidnapping fifteen years earlier. A few months later, La Esmerelda is dancing in front of Notre Dame and Phoebus calls her over to him. She has fallen in love with him and blushes when he asks her to meet him later that night. Frollo watches them from the top of Notre Dame and becomes insanely jealous of Phoebus. His obsessive lust for La Esmerelda has made him renounce God and study alchemy and black magic. In his secret cell at Notre Dame, he plans to trap La Esmerelda like a spider catching a fly with its web. Later that night he follows Phoebus to his tryst with La Esmerelda and stabs Phoebus repeatedly. He escapes and La Esmerelda is captured by the King's guard. Hunchback of notre dame The

60. After being tortured at her trial, La Esmerelda falsely confesses to killing Phoebus and being a witch. She is sentenced to hang in the Place de Grève . Frollo visits her in jail and declares his love. He begs her to love him and show him some pity but she calls him a "goblin-monk" and a murderer, refusing to have anything to do with him. Before her execution, La Esmerelda is publicly humiliated in front of Notre Dame. Looking across the square, she suddenly sees Phoebus and calls out his name. He actually survived the murder attempt but doesn't want anyone to know that he was injured. He turns away from La Esmerelda and enters the house of his bride-to-be. Just then, Quasimodo swings down on a rope from Notre Dame and carries her back to the cathedral, crying out "Sanctuary!" He had fallen in love with her when she brought him water and had been planning her escape all along. Hunchback of notre dame The

61. La Esmerelda is safe from execution just as long as she stays inside the cathedral. At first, she finds it hard to even look at Quasimodo, but they form an uneasy friendship. Even though he is deaf, he enjoys being around her when she sings. Meanwhile, a group of vagabonds resolves to save La Esmerelda after hearing that Parliament has ordered that she be removed from Notre Dame. But when Quasimodo sees them attack the cathedral, he thinks they have come to kill La Esmerelda and he fends them off as best he can, killing a large number of them. Frollo has used the attack as a diversion to sneak La Esmerelda out of the cathedral. He offers her two choices: she can either say she loves him or be hanged. She demands to be executed and he leaves her with Sister Gudule . To their astonishment, they discover that they are mother and daughter. Gudule tries to protect La Esmerelda, but it is too late. Back at Notre Dame, Quasimodo goes to the top of the north tower to find her. Gazing off into the distance, he sees the figure of La Esmerelda in a white dress hanging from the scaffold. He bellows out in despair and grabs Frollo by the neck. Holding him up in the air, Quasimodo sighs with grief and then throws Frollo down to his death. Looking at La Esmerelda hanging off in the distance and Frollo's wrangled corpse down below, Quasimodo cries out: "There is everything I ever loved!" Quasimodo is never seen again. Years later when a gravedigger stumbles across La Esmerelda's remains, he finds the skeleton of a hunchback curled around her. Hunchback of notre dame The

62. ANALYSIS Character Quasimodo  is a "hunchback" with physical deformities, the novel's protagonist, and the bell-ringer of Notre-Dame. He is half-blind and almost completely deaf, the latter from all the years ringing the bells of the church. Abandoned by his mother as a baby, he was adopted by Claude Frollo. Quasimodo's life within the confines of the cathedral and his only two outlets – ringing the bells and his love and devotion for Frollo – are described. He rarely ventures outside the Cathedral because the citizens of Paris despise and shun him for his appearance. The notable occasions when he does leave include taking part in the Festival of Fools (which is celebrated on January 6) – , during which he is elected the Pope of Fools due to his perfect hideousness – ; his subsequent attempt to kidnap Esmeralda; his rescue of Esmeralda from the gallows; his attempt to bring Phoebus to Esmeralda; and his final abandonment of the cathedral at the end of the novel. It is revealed in the story that the baby Quasimodo was left by the Roma in place of Esmeralda, whom they abducted.

63. ANALYSIS Character Esmeralda (born Agnès) is a beautiful 16-year-old Roma street dancer (referred to in the text by "Gypsy") who is naturally compassionate and kind. She is the center of the human drama within the story. A popular focus of the citizens' attention, she is the recipient of their changing attitudes, being first adored as an entertainer, then hated as a witch, before being lauded again by Quasimodo. She is loved by Quasimodo, Pierre Gringoire , and Claude Frollo, but falls hopelessly in love with Captain Phoebus. Phoebus is a handsome soldier who she believes will protect her, but in reality simply wants to seduce her. She is one of the few characters to show Quasimodo a measure of human kindness. She is eventually revealed to be not Roma by birth; instead, she was kidnapped by the Roma to "replace" the deformed Quasimodo.

64. ANALYSIS Character Claude Frollo , the novel's main antagonist, is the Archdeacon of Notre-Dame. His sour attitude and alchemical experiments have alienated him from Parisians, who believe him to be a sorcerer. His only surviving relative is his dissolute younger brother Jehan , whom he unsuccessfully attempts to reform. Frollo also helps care for Quasimodo. Frollo's numerous sins include lechery, failed alchemy, sexual assault and other listed vices. His mad attraction to Esmeralda sets off a chain of events leading to Esmeralda's execution.

65. ANALYSIS Character Captain Phoebus de Chateaupers  is the Captain of the King's Archers, and the secondary antagonist in the novel. After he saves Esmeralda from abduction, she becomes infatuated with him, and he is intrigued by her. Already betrothed to the beautiful but spiteful Fleur-de-Lys, he wants to seduce Esmeralda nonetheless but is prevented when Frollo stabs him. Phoebus survives, but Esmeralda is taken to be the attempted assassin by all, including Phoebus himself, who no longer wants her. He is condemned to an unhappy married life with Fleur-de-Lys.

66. 01 is richly atmospheric, evoking a sense of both grandeur and decay, beauty and brutality. Victor Hugo masterfully creates a vivid and immersive world that transports readers to medieval Paris and imbues the story with a haunting and unforgettable atmosphere 02 SETTINGS ATMOSPHERE he Hunchback of Notre-Dame" is set primarily in Paris during the late 15th century, with the iconic Notre-Dame Cathedral serving as the central setting of the novel. Hunchback of notre dame The

67. CONTEXT Cultural "The Hunchback of Notre-Dame" is deeply rooted in the cultural context of 19th-century France, reflecting the social, political, and artistic currents of the time. Medievalism Romanticism Nationalism and Patriotism Social Commentary Religious and Moral Discourse

68. THEMES Major Beauty and Monstrosity: The contrast between physical beauty and deformity. Society's tendency to judge based on appearances. Prejudice and Discrimination: Marginalization of those perceived as different or "other." The consequences of societal prejudice and discrimination. Justice and Injustice: The perversion of justice in the legal system. Themes of redemption and the quest for justice. Love and Obsession: Different forms of love: romantic, familial, and platonic. Unrequited love and its consequences. Religion and Morality: The influence of religion on individual behavior and societal norms. Moral ambiguity and ethical dilemmas faced by characters. Social Hierarchy and Class Struggle: Examination of social divisions and inequalities. Critique of the feudal system and its injustices.

69. Notre Dame Cathedral Quasimodo's Hunchback The Bell Tower The Feast of Fools Esmeralda's Jewelry The Bells of Notre-Dame IMAGERY Symbolism

70. Social Justice and Marginalization Human Rights and Empathy Urbanization and Modernity Power and Corruption Identity and Belonging Context RELEVANCE

71. ANALYSIS Character Achilles or Achilleus was a hero of the Trojan War who was known as being the greatest of all the Greek warriors. A central character in Homer's Iliad, he was the son of the Nereid Thetis and Peleus, king of Phthia and famous Argonaut. Achilles was raised in Phthia along with his childhood companion Patroclus and received his education by the centaur Chiron. In the Iliad, he is presented as the commander of the mythical tribe of the Myrmidons.

72. ANALYSIS Character Hector is a Trojan prince, and one of four sons to the King of Troy, he was a hero and the greatest warrior for Troy during the Trojan War. He is a major character in Homer's Iliad, where he leads the Trojans and their allies in the defense of Troy, killing countless Greek warriors and the occasional Hero. However he is ultimately killed in single combat by the Greek Hero Achilles, who later drags his dead body around the city of Troy behind his chariot.

73. ANALYSIS Character Paris also known as Alexander is a mythological figure in the story of the Trojan War. He appears in numerous Greek legends and works of Ancient Greek literature such as the Iliad. In myth, he is prince of Troy, son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba, and younger brother of Prince Hector. His elopement with Helen sparks the Trojan War, during which he fatally wounds Achilles.

74. ANALYSIS Character Helen also known as Helen of Troy, in Latin as Helena, beautiful Helen, Helen of Argos, or Helen of Sparta, was a figure in Greek mythology said to have been the most beautiful woman in the world. She was believed to have been the daughter of Zeus and Leda, and was the sister of Clytemnestra, Castor and Pollux, Philonoe , Phoebe and Timandra . She was married to King Menelaus of Sparta "who became by her the father of Hermione, and, according to others, of Nicostratus also.“ Her abduction by Paris of Troy was the most immediate cause of the Trojan War.

75. ANALYSIS Agamemnon was a king of Mycenae who commanded the Achaeans during the Trojan War. He was the son (or grandson) of King Atreus and Queen Aerope , the brother of Menelaus, the husband of Clytemnestra, and the father of Iphigenia, Iphianassa , Electra, Laodike , Orestes and Chrysothemis . Legends make him the king of Mycenae or Argos, thought to be different names for the same area. Agamemnon was killed upon his return from Troy by Clytemnestra, or in an older version of the story, by Clytemnestra's lover Aegisthus. Character

76. ANALYSIS Odysseus also known by the Latin variant Ulysses, is a legendary Greek king of Ithaca and the hero of Homer's epic poem the Odyssey. Odysseus also plays a key role in Homer's Iliad and other works in that same epic cycle. Character

77. ANALYSIS Character Menelaus was a Greek king of Mycenaean (pre-Dorian) Sparta. According to the Iliad, the Trojan war began as a result of Menelaus’s wife, Helen, fleeing to Troy with the Trojan prince Paris. The cuckolded Menelaus was a central figure in the Trojan War, leading the Spartan contingent of the Greek army, under his elder brother Agamemnon, king of Mycenae. Prominent in both the Iliad and Odyssey, Menelaus was also popular in Greek vase painting and Greek tragedy, the latter more as a hero of the Trojan War than as a member of the doomed House of Atreus.

78. ANALYSIS Briseis also known as Hippodameia , is a significant character in the Iliad. Her role as a status symbol is at the heart of the dispute between Achilles and Agamemnon that initiates the plot of Homer's epic. She was married to Mynes , a son of the King of Lyrnessus , until the Achaeans sacked her city and was given to Achilles shortly before the events of the poem. Being forced to give Briseis to Agamemnon, Achilles refused to reenter the battle. Character

79. ANALYSIS Patroclus was a Greek hero of the Trojan War and an important character in Homer's Iliad. Born in Opus, Patroclus was the son of the Argonaut Menoetius. When he was a child, he was exiled from his hometown and was adopted by Peleus, king of Phthia . There, he was raised alongside Peleus' son, Achilles, of whom he was a childhood friend and close wartime companion. When the tide of the war turned against the Achaeans, Patroclus, disguised as Achilles and defying his orders to retreat in time, led the Myrmidons in battle against the Trojans and was eventually killed by the Trojan prince, Hector. Enraged by Patroclus' death, Achilles ended his refusal to fight, resulting in significant Greek victories. Character

80. The Grecians arrive—Achilles and his Myrmdions at their fore—and lay waste to the Trojans’ defenses. The Normal World of peace has been exited; the adventure world of war has been entered. None of these characters’ lives will ever again be the same. Agamemnon alienates Achilles by taking the credit for Achilles’ victory and then forcing tribute from Achilles in the form of the captured temple servant Briseis. Achilles attempts to protect her, but she tells him she doesn’t want anyone else to die for her. Achilles refuses to fight for Agamemnon afterwards. The Pinch Points in this movie are an interesting choice, since their focus is on Agamemnon (the antagonist) and his goals being at stake. Plot Summary TROY The

81. Paris challenges Helen’s husband Menelaus to a duel—only to wimp out and force the two armies to have at each other. The Trojans win this one, allowing them to shift from reaction to action. TROY The

82. Achilles’ beloved cousin Patrocles disguises himself as Achilles and leads the Myrmidons into battle. He challenges Hector, and Hector kills him. Just prior to this, Achilles had reclaimed Briseis from Agamemnon and, under her influence, decided to leave the battle. Patrocles ’ death is what drags him back into war. TROY The

83. Achilles challenges Hector to a duel—and kills him. He then desecrates Hector’s body by dragging him around the city walls and then back to the Grecian camp. This is a low point on many obvious levels: Hector himself dies and with him, Troy’s greatest hope of victory. Achilles’ personal low came at the Pinch Point when Patrocles died, but he falls still lower here as he not only throws himself back into a lifestyle of war, but in so doing needlessly kills a good man in Hector—and then dishonors his corpse. TROY The

84. The Grecians use Odysseus’ scheme to infiltrate the walls of Troy via a great wooden horse, which is supposedly an offering to the god Poseidon. Once inside, the Grecians begin slaughtering the Trojan citizens. TROY The

85. Paris shoots Achilles through his mortal heel—killing him. TROY The

86. Hector’s wife, Briseis, and Paris and Helen all escape Troy through a secret passage. The Grecians honor Achilles’ funeral pyre. TROY The

87. CONTEXT Cultural "Troy" encompasses its roots in ancient mythology, its place within the tradition of epic filmmaking, its adaptation for modern audiences, its global production and reception, and its impact on popular culture.

88. THEMES Major War and its Consequences At its core, "Troy" is a war film, depicting the brutal and destructive nature of conflict. It explores the motivations behind war, the strategies employed by both sides, and the devastating impact it has on individuals, families, and societies. Honor and Glory Characters like Achilles and Hector are driven by their desire for fame and renown, willing to risk their lives in battle to achieve glory on the battlefield. Love and Desire The love story between Paris and Helen serves as a catalyst for the Trojan War, highlighting the power of passion and desire to ignite conflict.

89. The Walls of Troy The Trojan Horse The Scale of Justice The Gods and Fate Armor and Weapon Fire and Ashes IMAGERY Symbolism

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