Evolution of computer and its impact on society

Complete Evaluation of Computers year by year

1. E VOLUTION O F COMPUTERS AN D I T S I M P A C T ON S O C I E TY

2. A B A C U S - An adapted abacus, invented by Tim Cranmer, called a Cranmer abacus is still commonly used by individuals who are blind. A piece of soft fabric or rubber is placed behind the beads so that they do not move inadvertently. This keeps the beads in place while the users feel or manipulate them. The standard abacus can be used to perform addition, subtraction, division and multiplication; the abacus can also be used to extract square-roots and cubic roots. The beads are manipulated with either the index finger or the thumb of one hand. 2 5 B C

3. NAPIER'S B O N E S - John Napier, the inventor of logarithms, also invented this aid to calculation known as 'Napier's Bones' in 1617. The 'bones' consist of a set of rectangular rods, each marked with a counting number at the top, and the multiples of that number down their lengths. Napier's bones, also called Napier's rods, are numbered rods which can be used to perform multiplication of any number by a number 2-9. 1 6 1 4 A D

4. P A S C A L I N E C A L C U L ATOR - The Pascaline was designed and built by the French mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal between 1642 and 1644. It could only do addition and subtraction, with numbers being entered by manipulating its dials. Pascal was led to develop a calculator by the laborious arithmetical calculations required by his father's work as the supervisor of taxes in Rouen. He designed the machine to add and subtract two numbers directly and to perform multiplication and division through repeated addition or subtraction. 1 6 4 2 B C

5. F A T H E R O F C O M P U T ER ( C H A R L E S B A B B A G E ) - Charles Babbage KH FRS was an English polymath. A mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer, Babbage originated the concept of a digital programmable computer. Babbage's machines were among the first mechanical computers. That they were not actually completed was largely because of funding problems and clashes of personality, most notably with Airy, the Astronomer Royal. Babbage lived and worked for over 40 years at 1 Dorset Street, Marylebone, where he died, at the age of 79, on 18 October 1871

6. TH E D I F F E R E NCE E N G I N E - A difference engine, first created by Charles Babbage, is an automatic mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. Its name is derived from the method of divided differences, a way to interpolate or tabulate functions by using a small set of polynomial coefficients. 1 8 2 2 A D

7. H O I L E R I T H T A B U L A T ING M A C H I N E - Herman Hollerith is widely regarded as the father of modern automatic computation. He chose the punched card as the basis for storing and processing information and he built the first punched-card tabulating and sorting machines as well as the first key punch, and he founded the company that was to become IBM. 1 8 9 A D

8. F I R S T E L E C T R O N I C C O M P U TER - A B C The Atanasoff–Berry computer (ABC) was the first automatic electronic digital computer.Conceived in 1937, The machine was built by Iowa State College mathematics and physics professor John Vincent Atanasoff with the help of graduate student Clifford Berry.

9. E N I A C ( E L E C T R O NIC N U M B E R I C A L INTERGRA T O R A N D C O M P UTER ) - EINAC was the first electronic general-purpose computer. It was Turing-complete, digital and able to solve "a large class of numerical problems" through reprogramming.

10. GENERATION O F COMPUTERS

11. F I R S T G E N E R ATION C O M P U TER ( V A C U U M T U B E ) - Computer - First Generation. The period of first generation was from 1946-1959. The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and the installations used to fuse frequently. 1 9 4 - 1 9 5 6

12. V A C U U M TUBE - A vacuum tube consists of cathode (also called as filament), anode (also called as plate), and electrode (also called as grid). Cathode is an electron emitter that emits the free electrons whereas anode is an electron collector that collects the free electrons. The First Vacuum Tube. Sir John Ambrose Fleming (1849–1945) was an English electrical engineer and physicist, known primarily for inventing in 1904 the first vacuum tube. It was also called a thermionic valve, vacuum diode, kenotron, thermionic tube, or Fleming valve.

13. S E C O ND G E N E R ATION C O M P U TER ( T R A N S I STOR ) - A transistor computer, now often called a second generation computer, is a computer which uses discrete transistors instead of vacuum tubes. The first generation of electronic computers used vacuum tubes, which generated large amounts of heat, were bulky and unreliable. 1 9 5 6 - 1 9 6 3

14. T R A N S I S TOR - I n v e n ted b y William Shockley . The principle of a field-effect transistor was proposed by Julius Edgar Lilienfeld in 1925. John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley invented the first working transistors at Bell Labs, the point-contact transistor in 1947 and the bipolar junction transistor in 1948. A transistor regulates current or voltage flow and acts as a switch or gate for electronic signals. A transistor consists of three layers of a semiconductor material, each capable of carrying a current. A semiconductor is a material such as germanium and silicon that conducts electricity in a "semi-enthusiastic" way.

15. T H I R D G E N E R ATION C O M P U TER ( INTEGRATED C I R C U I TS ) - They period of third generation was from 1965-1971. The computers of third generation used Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. This development made computers smaller in size, reliable, and efficient. 1 9 6 4 - 1 9 7 1

16. INTEGRATED C I R C U IT - An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece of semiconductor material that is normally silicon. While at Fairchild, Noyce developed the integrated circuit. The same concept has been invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments in Dallas a few months previously. In July 1959 Noyce filed a patent for his conception of the integrated circuit. An IC can be a function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter, computer memory, or microprocessor.

17. F OURTH G E N E R ATION C O M P U TER ( M I C R O P R O C E S S O R ) - Fourth Generation of computers was between 1971 – 1980. These computers used the VLSI technology or the Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits technology. Therefore they were also known as the microprocessors. Examples are STAR 1000, CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer), DEC 10, PDP 11, CRAY-1. 1 9 71-P R E S E NT

18. MI C R O P R O CESSOR - A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Intel's first microprocessor, the 4004, was conceived by Ted Hoff and Stanley Mazor. Assisted by Masatoshi Shima, Federico Faggin used his experience in silicon-gate MOS technology to squeeze the 2300 transistors of the 4-bit MPU into a 16-pin package in 1971. The microprocessor is used in personal computers (PCs). The microprocessor is used in LASER printers for good speed and making automatic photo copies. The microprocessors are used in modems, telephone, digital telephone sets, and also in air reservation systems and railway reservation systems.

19. FIF T H G E N E R ATION C O M P U TER ( A R I T I F I C A L I N T E L L IGEN C E ) - Computer - Fifth Generation. ... In the fifth generation, VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. P R E S E NT - B E Y O N D

20. A R T I F I C A L INTELLIGENC E - John McCarthy came up with the name "artificial intelligence" in 1955 . In computer science, artificial intelligence, sometimes called machine intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans. In computer science, artificial intelligence (AI), sometimes called machine intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans. Leading AI textbooks define the field as the study of "intelligent agents": any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of successfully achieving its goals.Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is often used to describe machines (or computers) that mimic "cognitive" functions that humans associate with the human mind, such as "learning" and "problem solving".

21. IMPACT OF COMPUTERS ON SOCIETY

22. Everyone knows that this is the age of computer and vast majority of people are using computer. Development of science and technology has direct effect on our daily life as well as in our social life. Computer technology has made communication possible from one part of the world to the other in seconds. They can see the transactions in one part of the world while staying in the other part. Computer development is one of the greatest scientific achievements of the 20 th century. Computers are used in various fields as well as in teaching and learning.

23. Some of the major computer application fields are listed below . An aid to management : The computer can also be used as a management tool to assist in solving business problems. 2) Banking : Branches are equipped with terminals giving them an online accounting facility and enabling them to information as such things as current balances, deposits, overdrafts and interest charges. 3) Industrial Application : In industry, production may be planned, coordinated and controlled with the aid of a computer. 4 ) Engineering Design : Computer help in calculating that all the parts of a proposed design are satisfactory and also assist in the designing. 5) Meteorology : Data is recorded at different levels of atmosphere at different places, using remote sensors carried on a satellite.

24. 6 ) Air Travel : Small computers are installed as a part of the plane's equipment. 7) Road Traffic Control : Computers assist with the control of traffic lights. 8) Telephones : Computerized telephone exchanges handle an ever increasing volume of calls very efficiently. 9) Medicine : Computers are widely used in hospitals for such task as maintaining drugs, surgical equipments and linen, for payroll and also for checkup and treatment of diseases. In addition computers are also used for recording and film studios, research, military, etc. Computers have both positive and negative impact in our daily life as well as in our social life. But the gross development of the nation is faster.

25. POSITIVE IMPACT OF COMPUTERS – 1. The work can be done in very less time. 2. More information can be stored in small space. 3. Multitasking and multiprocessing capabilities of data . 4. Easy to access data. 5. Impartiality . 6. Documents can be kept secret. 7. Error free result. 8. It can be used for various purposes. i.e. It can be used in any type of work. The both positive and negative impacts of computers are listed below.

26. NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF COMPUTERS- 1. Highly expensive. 2. Accidents . 3. Data piracy. 4. Increased Unemployment. 5. Huge data and information can be lost sometimes . 6. Fast changing computer technology. 7. Service distribution. 8. Illiteracy of computing and computers.

27. C O N C L U SION - There have been many different computers that were made before now. People say the ENIAC was the first computer ever made, and people say the Difference Engine was the first computer ever made, but no one acctually knows who made the first computer. Technology in the world today is getting more and more difficult. Computers like the ENIAC and the Z3 are not going to be made anymore because people want something new. E ven though computers are being changed every second without the people who invented them a long time ago, we would not have computers. Hence, the era of computers brought an ease to lifestyle of individual and played an vital role in shaping the thinking process of mankind

28. T H A N K Y O U -