EVOLUTION OF HUMAN RACE new .pptx

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1. EVOLUTION OF HUMAN RACE Dr. Srushti B Gowda 1 st MDS Department of public health dentistry.

2. EVOLUTION OF MANDIBLE AUSTRALOPITHECUS & PHALANTHROPUS More human like mandible with a slightly narrower shape & more defined chin HOMO HABILIS The mandible became more refined, with a slightly more angled shape and a more prominent chin HOMO ERECTUS More modern human-like mandible, with a narrower shape and a more defined chin NEANDERTHALS GREATER ROBUSTICITY A RECEDING SYMPHYSIS, LARGE RETROMOLAR SPACE HOMO SAPIENS The mandible is U shaped

3. A ustalopithecus Homo habilis Homo erectus Homo sapiens

4. EVOLUTION OF NOSE AUSTRALOPITHECUS & PHALANTHROPUS Prominent nose HOMO HABILIS More refined, slightly narrower bridge, and a more defined tip HOMO ERECTUS Prominent bridge and a slightly upturned tip HOMO NEANDERTHALS Large and protrusive nose and wide nasal breadths HOMO SAPIENS Projecting & external nose

5. Astralopithecus Homo erectus Homo erectus Homo sapiens

6. EVOLUTION OF SKULL Australopithecus Had primitive features, including a small brain case, a flat face, and a protruding jaw. Brain capacity: 350-550cc Homo habilis had a slightly larger case and a more human like skull shape Brain capacity: 600-700cc Homo erectus, which lived from 1.8 million to 70,000 years ago, had a more modern human like skull with a larger brain case and a less pronounced jaw. Brain capacity: 900-1100cc

7. Homo neanderthals , had low forehead, heavy brow ridges, protruding jaw, and rounded skull Brain capacity: 1300-1400cc Homo sapiens have a skull shape characterized by a large brain case, a flat face, and a relatively small jaw. Brain capacity: 1300-1500cc

8. OTHER CHANGES CHIN : the chin got reduced in size as the evolution occurred. Adaptation: for chewing stress, speech. CANINES: canines were prominent in australopithecus and homo erectus. But as the evolution occurred the canine also got reduced in size. TONGUE: The tongue has reshaped over time, along with other changes in the oral cavity and dentition. The position of the hyoid bone has also shifted, providing the tongue with a base.

9. Evolution of dentition Tooth migration : Over 500 million years, tooth-like structures on the outside of jawless fish migrated into the mouth cavity.  Decreased tooth count : The total number of teeth per dentition has generally decreased.  Increased tooth complexity : The morphological complexity of teeth has increased.  Smaller teeth and jaws : Humans today have smaller teeth and jaws than people who lived 25,000 years ago.  Canine teeth : The canine teeth of some people who lived long ago were much larger than current human teeth.  Molar size : The size of molars differed depending on the era and geographic location. 

10. CULTURAL EVOLUTION Cultural evolution is the idea that human cultural change that is, changes in socially transmitted beliefs, knowledge, customs, skills, attitudes, languages and so on

11. Austalopithecus TOOL USE: Simple tools : Australopithecus likely used simple tools, such as stones, sticks, and processing food. Tool modification: Some evidence suggests they may have modified tools, like shaping stones, to improve their functionality. DIET & FORAGING: Australopithecus had a diverse diet that included plants, fruits, insects and small animals. They likely employed various foraging strategies, such as scavenging, hunting, and gathering, to obtain food.

12. BURIAL & MORTUARY PRACTICE: There is no evidence to suggest that Australopithecus deliberately buried their dead. Fossils of Australopithecus individuals have been found in natural depositional environments, such as riverbanks and lakebeds . ART AND SYMBOLIC EXPRESSION: There is currently no evidence to suggest that Australopithecus created art or engaged in symbolic expression . Some researchers propose that Australopithecus may have exhibited proto-symbolic behaviours, such as using colours or sounds to communicate, but this is highly speculative

13. Homo habilis TOOL USE : Oldowan tools: Homo habilis is associated with the development of Oldowan tools, which were simple stone tools used for tasks like cutting, scraping, and pounding . Tool manufacture: They likely manufactured tools using stone knapping techniques, which involved striking stones to create sharp edges . SOCIAL STRUCTURE & ORGANIZATION: Small groups: Homo habilis likely lived in small groups, possibly consisting of extended family members . Cooperative behavior : They may have exhibited cooperative behavior , such as shared tool use and food sharing . DIET & FORAGING: Omnivorous diet: Homo habilis had a diverse diet that included plants, fruits, insects, and small animals . Scavenging and hunting: They likely engaged in scavenging and hunting, using tools to process and consume food.

14. Homo erectus TOOL USE: Acheulean tools: Homo erectus is associated with the development of Acheulean tools, which were more sophisticated than Oldowan tools . Tool specialization: They likely used specialized tools for specific tasks, such as hunting and butchering . Fire control: Homo erectus is believed to have controlled and used fire for cooking, warmth, and other purposes . SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND FORAGING: Large groups: Homo erectus likely lived in larger groups than earlier human ancestors, possibly consisting of several families . Cooperative hunting: They may have engaged in cooperative hunting, using tools and strategies to catch prey. Division of labor : Homo erectus may have exhibited a division of labor , with different individuals specializing in different tasks.

15. SHELTER AND HABITAT: Open-air habitats: Homo habilis likely lived in open-air habitats, such as savannas and woodlands . Shelter construction: They may have constructed simple shelters using branches, leaves, and other natural materials . SYMBOLIC EXPRESSION AND LANGUAGE: Limited symbolic expression: Homo habilis may have exhibited limited symbolic expression, such as using colors or sounds to communicate . Proto-language : They may have had a proto-language, which would have been a system of communication that was more complex than gestures but less complex than modern language .

16. BURIAL AND MORTUARY PRACTICES Simple burials: Homo erectus may have practiced simple burials, possibly with some form of ritual or ceremony . No deliberate grave goods: There is no evidence to suggest that Homo erectus deliberately placed grave goods with the deceased.

17. EVOLUTION IN INDIA Pleistocene Epoch (2.5 million - 11,700 years ago): This epoch saw the emergence of early human ancestors in India . Holocene Epoch (11,700 years ago - present): This epoch marks the beginning of modern human societies in India . Early Human Ancestors in IndiaThe first human ancestors to inhabit India were likely Homo erectus, who arrived around 2.5 million years ago. They brought with them Acheulean tools, which were more sophisticated than the Oldowan tools used by earlier human ancestors.

18. Some notable archaeological sites from this period include : Soan Valley: Located in Pakistan and northwestern India, this site has yielded fossils and tools from the early Pleistocene era . Narmada Valley: Situated in central India, this site has produced fossils and tools from the middle Pleistocene era . Emergence of Modern Humans in India Modern humans (Homo sapiens) arrived in India around 70,000-50,000 years ago. They likely migrated from Africa via the coastal route, replacing or coexisting with earlier human populations.

19. Some significant archaeological sites from this period include:1. Jwalapuram : Located in Andhra Pradesh, this site has yielded evidence of modern human habitation from around 70,000 years ago.2. Patne : Situated in Madhya Pradesh, this site has produced evidence of modern human habitation from around 50,000 years ago . Development of Complex Societies in IndiaThe Holocene epoch saw the emergence of complex societies in India, marked by the development of agriculture, settled societies, and new technologies.

20. Some notable archaeological sites from this period include : 1 . Mehrgarh : Located in Balochistan , Pakistan, this site has yielded evidence of early agriculture and settled societies from around 7000 BCE . 2 . Indus Valley Civilization: Situated in northwestern India and Pakistan, this civilization flourished from around 3300 BCE and is known for its sophisticated urban planning, architecture, and water management systems

21. Genetic and Linguistic Diversity in IndiaIndia is home to a diverse range of genetic and linguistic populations. The genetic diversity of India's populations reflects the complex history of migrations, invasions, and cultural exchanges that have shaped the region.

22. Some of the major genetic and linguistic groups in India include : 1 . Indo-Aryan: This group speaks Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindi, Bengali, and Punjabi, and is found primarily in northern and central India . 2 . Dravidian: This group speaks Dravidian languages, such as Tamil, Telugu, and Kannada, and is found primarily in southern India . 3 . Austroasiatic: This group speaks Austroasiatic languages, such as Santhali and Ho , and is found primarily in eastern India.