Evolution of Programming Languages.pdf

Evolution of Programming Languages.pdf

1. Evolution of
Programming Languages
from 1940s to 2100

2. History of Programmers
•Before1940s:Thefirstprogrammers
•The1940s:VonNeumann,KonardZuse&PlankalKul
•The1950s:TheFirstProgrammingLanguage
•The1960s:AnExplosioninProgramminglanguages
•The1970s:Simplicity,Abstraction,Study
•The1980s:ConsolidationandNewDirections
•The1990s:InternetandtheWeb
•The2000s:tbd

3. Early History: The First Programmer
•Jacquardloomofearly1800s
–Translatedcardpatternsintoclothdesigns
•CharlesBabbage’sanalyticalengine(1830s&40s)
Programswerecardswithdataandoperations
•AdaLovelace–firstprogrammer
“Theenginecanarrangeandcombineitsnumericalquantities
exactlyasiftheywerelettersoranyothergeneralsymbols;Andin
factmightbringoutitsresultsinalgebraicnotation,wereprovision
made.”

4. Jacquardloomofearly1800s Charles Babbage’s analytical engine (1830s & 40s)Ada Lovelace –first programmer

5. The 1940s: Von Neumann and Zuse
JohnVonNeumann
ledateamthatbuilt
computerswithstored
programsandacentral
processorENIAC.

6. Konrad Zuseand Plankalkul
KonradZusebeganworkonPlankalkul(plan
calculus),thefirstalgorithmicprogramming
language,withanaimofcreatingthetheoretical
preconditionsfortheformulationofproblems
ofageneralnature.
Sevenyearsearlier,Zusehaddevelopedand
builttheworld'sfirstbinarydigitalcomputer,
theZ1.Hecompletedthefirstfullyfunctional
program-controlledelectromechanicaldigital
computer,theZ3,in1941.
OnlytheZ4,themostsophisticatedofhis
creations,survivedWorldWarII.

7. Machine Code (1940’s)
•Initial computers were programmed in raw machine code.
•These were entirely numeric.
•What was wrong with using machine code? Everything!
•Poor readability
•Poor modifiability
•Expression coding was tedious
•Inherit deficiencies of hardware, e.g., no indexing or floating point
numbers

8. Pseudocodes (1949)
•Short Code or SHORTCODE -John Mauchly, 1949.
•Pseudocode interpreter for math problems, on Eckert
and Mauchly’s BINAC and later on UNIVAC I and II.
•Possibly the first attempt at a higher level language.
•Expressions were coded, left to right

9. More Pseudocodes
Speedcoding;1953-4
•ApseudocodeinterpreterformathonIBM701,IBM650.
•DevelopedbyJohnBackus
•Pseudoopsforarithmeticandmathfunctions
•Conditionalandunconditionalbranching
•Autoincrementregistersforarrayaccess
•Slowbutstilldominatedbyslownessofs/wmath
•Interpreterleftonly700wordsleftforuserprogram
LaningandZierlerSystem–1953
•ImplementedontheMITWhirlwindcomputer
•First"algebraic"compilersystem
•Subscriptedvariables,functioncalls,expressiontranslation
•Neverportedtoanyothermachine

10. The 1950s: The First Programming
Language
•Pseudocodes:interpretersforassemblylanguagelike
•Fortran:thefirsthigherlevelprogramminglanguage
•COBOL:hefirstbusinessorientedlanguage
•Algol:oneofthemostinfluentialprogramminglanguagesever
designed
•LISP:thefirstlanguagetodepartfromtheproceduralparadigm
•APL:AProgrammingLanguage

11. The 1960s: An Explosion in Programming
Languages
•Thedevelopmentofhundredsofprogramminglanguages
•PL/Idesignedin1963-4
–supposedtobeallpurpose
–combinedfeaturesofFORTRAN,COBOLandAlgol60andmore!
–translatorswereslow,hugeandunreliable
–somesayitwasaheadofitstime......
•Algol68
•SNOBOL
•Simula
•BASIC

12. The 1970s: Simplicity, Abstraction, Study
•Algol-W -Nicklaus Wirth and C.A.R.Hoare
–reaction against 1960s
–simplicity
•Pascal
–small, simple, efficient structures
–for teaching program
•C -1972 -Dennis Ritchie
–aims for simplicity by reducing restrictions of the type system
–allows access to underlying system
–interface with O/S -UNIX

13. The 1980s: Consolidation and New
Paradigms
•Ada
–USDepartmentofDefence
–EuropeanteamleadbyJeanIchbiah.(SamLomonacowasalsoontheADAteam:-)
•Functionalprogramming
–Scheme,ML,Haskell
•Logicprogramming
–Prolog
•Object-orientedprogramming
–Smalltalk,C++,Eiffel

14. Functional Programming
•CommonLisp:consolidationofLISPdialectsspurredpracticaluse,
asdidthedevelopmentofLispMachines.
•Scheme:asimpleandpureLISPlikelanguageusedforteaching
programming.
•Logo:Usedforteachingyoungchildrenhowtoprogram.
•ML:(MetaLanguage)astrongly-typedfunctionallanguagefirst
developedbyRobinMilnerinthe70’s
•Haskell:polymorphiclytyped,lazy,purelyfunctionallanguage.

15. Small talk (1972-80)
•DevelopedatXeroxPARCbyAlanKayandcolleagues(esp.Adele
Goldberg)inspiredbySimula67
•Firstcompilationin1972waswrittenonabettocomeupwith"the
mostpowerfullanguageintheworld"in"asinglepageofcode".
•In1980,Smalltalk80,auniformlyobject-orientedprogramming
environmentbecameavailableasthefirstcommercialreleaseofthe
Smalltalklanguage
•Pioneeredthegraphicaluserinterfaceeveryonenowuses
•Industrialusecontinuestothepresentday

16. C++ (1985)
•DevelopedatBellLabsbyStroustrup
•EvolvedfromCandSIMULA67
•Facilitiesforobject-orientedprogramming,takenpartiallyfromSIMULA
67,addedtoC
•Alsohasexceptionhandling
•Alargeandcomplexlanguage,inpartbecauseitsupportsbothprocedural
andOOprogramming
•Rapidlygrewinpopularity,alongwithOOP
•ANSIstandardapprovedinNovember,1997

17. Eiffel
Eiffel-arelatedlanguagethatsupportsOOP
-(DesignedbyBertrandMeyer-1992)
-Notdirectlyderivedfromanyotherlanguage
-SmallerandsimplerthanC++,butstillhasmostofthepower

18. 1990’s: the Internet and Web
Duringthe90’s,Object-orientedlanguages(mostlyC++)
becamewidelyusedinpracticalapplications
TheInternetandWebdroveseveralphenomena:
–Addingconcurrencyandthreadstoexistinglanguages
–IncreaseduseofscriptinglanguagessuchasPerlandTcl/Tk
–Javaasanewprogramminglanguage

19. Java
•Developed at Sun in the early 1990s
with original goal of a language for
embedded computers
•Principals: Bill Joy, James Gosling, Mike
Sheradin, Patrick Naughton
•Original name, Oak, changed for copyright reasons
•Based on C++ but significantly simplified
•Supports onlyOOP
•Has references, but not pointers
•Includes support for applets and a form of concurrency (i.e. threads)

20. The future
•Inthe60’s,thedreamwasasingleall-purposelanguage
(e.g.,PL/I,Algol)
•The70sand80sdreamexpressedbyWinograd(1979)
“Justashigh-levellanguagesallowtheprogrammertoescapetheintricaciesof
themachine,higherlevelprogrammingsystemscanprovideformanipulating
complexsystems.Weneedtoshiftawayfromalgorithmsandtowardsthe
descriptionofthepropertiesofthepackagesthatwebuild.Programming
systemswillbedeclarativenotimperative”
•Willthatdreamberealised?
•Programmingisnotyetobsolete

36. Currently Trending Programming
Languages
ThereareseveralprogramminglanguagesthatarecommonlyusedinthefieldsofAI,ML,andCybersecurity.Herearesomeofthemostpopularones:
1.Python:PythonisoneofthemostpopularprogramminglanguagesforAIandMLdevelopmentduetoitssimplesyntaxandreadability.Itsupportsavarietyof
frameworksandlibraries,whichallowsformoreflexibilityandcreatesendlesspossibilitiesforanengineertoworkwith.SomeofthemostpopularPythonlibraries
formachinelearninginclude:sci-kitimage,OpenCV,TensorFlow,PyTorch,Keras,NumPy,NLTK,SciPy,andsci-kitlearn
123
.
2.Java:Javaisageneral-purposeprogramminglanguagethatisusedforcreatingmobile,desktop,web,andcloudapplications.ItisalsousedfordevelopingAI
systems.Javaisknownforitsscalability,security,andcross-platformcompatibility
2
.
3.R:Risaprogramminglanguagethatisusedforstatisticalcomputingandgraphics.Itiswidelyusedindataanalysis,machinelearning,andscientificresearch.R
hasalargenumberoflibrariesandpackagesthatmakeiteasytoperformcomplexstatisticalanalyses
3
.
4.Julia:Juliaisahigh-level,high-performanceprogramminglanguagethatisdesignedfornumericalandscientificcomputing.ItisusedfordevelopingAIandML
models,aswellasfordataanalysisandvisualization
3
.
5.Lisp:LispisafamilyofprogramminglanguagesthatareusedforAIandMLdevelopment.Lispisknownforitspowerfulmacrosystem,whichallowsdevelopers
toextendthelanguageitself.Lispisalsousedforsymboliccomputing,whichisatypeofcomputingthatdealswithsymbolsandexpressions
3
.
6.JavaScript:JavaScriptisaprogramminglanguagethatisusedforcreatinghighlyinteractivebrowser-basedapplications.ItisalsousedfordevelopingAIsystems.
JavaScriptisknownforitsflexibilityandeaseofuse
2
.
7.C++:C++isageneral-purposeprogramminglanguagethatisusedfordevelopingAIandMLmodels,aswellasfordevelopingoperatingsystems,systemsoftware,
andembeddedsystems.C++isknownforitsspeedandefficiency
2
.
•HerearesomePowerPointpresentationsthatyoumightfinduseful:
1.MachineLearninginCyberSecurity-Thispresentationprovidesaholisticviewofmachinelearningincybersecurityforbetterorganizationalreadiness.
2.AIandMLinCybersecurity-Thispresentationdiscussesthelimitationsofmachinelearningandissuesofexplainability,wheredeeplearningshouldneverbe
applied,andexamplesofhowtheblindapplicationofalgorithmscanleadtowrongresults.
•PleasenotethattheinformationprovidediscurrentasofJanuary2024andmaybesubjecttochange.

37. Comparing the performance of Mojo,
Python, and JavaScript
ComparingtheperformanceofMojo,Python,andJavaScriptinthecontextof
machinelearning.
AccordingtoaMediumarticle,PythonandMojoaretwopopularprogramming
languagesthathavebeenwidelyusedinvariousapplications,fromweb
developmenttomachinelearning.WhilebothPythonandMojosharesome
similarities,theyalsohavenotabledifferencesthatsetthemapart.Asadeveloperor
programmer,it’sessentialtounderstandthefundamentaldifferencesbetweenthese
languagessothatyoucanchoosetheonethatbestsuitsyourneeds.
AnotherMediumarticlecomparestheperformanceofJavaScriptandPythonfor
machinelearning.ThearticlestatesthatJavaScript’scomputationalperformanceis
stillmuchbetterthanPython’s.However,thematurityofthelibraries—which
oftenhaveunderlyingmoduleswritteninC—meansthatoperationsonlarge
datasetscanoffersomuchmorethansheercomputationalpower.Butthereisstilla
placeforJavaScriptinmachinelearning.

38. Programming Languages for Civil
Engineering
•CivilandStructuralengineeringarefieldsthatrequirealotofcomputationalpower.Learningtocodecan
helpengineersautomaterepetitivetasks,improvetheirworkflow,andincreasetheirproductivity.According
toTheComputationalEngineer,thefollowingprogramminglanguagesarecommonlyusedintheciviland
structuralengineeringindustry
1
:
1.Grasshopper:Avisualprogramminglanguagethatcanbeeasilyadoptedbycivilandstructuralengineers.It
isaplugintoaCADand3D-modellingsoftwarecalledRhinoceros.Ithasalowbartoentrybutispowerful
enoughtomanagemostofyourworkflows,includingyourRevitworkflows.
2.Dynamo:Apopularvisualprogramminglanguageforbuildingandcivilengineers.ItisapluginforAutodesk
Revitandcanbeusedtoautomaterepetitivetasksandimproveworkflows.
3.BHoM:Adatastructureandtoolsetforbuildingandarchitecturethatcanbeusedtocreatecustom
workflowsandautomatetasks.
4.C#:Ageneral-purposeprogramminglanguagethatiswidelyusedinthecivilengineeringindustry.Itisused
todevelopsoftwareapplicationsandtoolsforcivilengineeringprojects.
•Theselanguageshavebeendesignedwithcivilengineeringworkflowsinmindandofferalowerbartoentry
forcivilandstructuralengineers.Theyarealsopowerfulenoughtomanagemostofyourworkflows,
includingyourRevitworkflows.Ifyouarenewtocoding,Grasshopperisagreatfirstlanguagetolearnasit
hasaneasy-to-adoptanddebuginterface
1
.

39. Never Ever Ending Life History of
Programming Languages
•18 New Programming Languages to Learn in 2024 | Built In