Evolution Of Science : Presentation ,ppt

The Evolution of science refers to the gradual development and advancement of scientific knowledge ,methods, theories over time.

1. BY PREETHY THANKACHAN

2. INTRODUCTION The evolution of science refers to the gradual development and advancement of scientific knowledge, methods, and theories over time. The history of science has begun with human existence ie, homosapiens have a utilised basic knowledge of science for their existence while palaeolithic’s tried to construct boats and houses from crude stone and for hunting which is recognised as a science activities. With the advent of human civilisations, people started to live in groups and Science has influenced on much of their activities.

3. CATEGORISING IN TO THREE PERIODS ANCIENT PERIOD MEDIEVAL PERIOD MODERN PERIOD

4. ANCIENT PERIOD From the Vedic times, around 3000 B.C, Indians ( Indo-Aryans) had classified the material world first in to four elements – Earth (prithvi), fire(Agni), air (Maya), and water(Apa). To these four elements was added a fifth one ether or Akasha. According to some Scholars this five elements are Pancha mahabhootas where identified with the various women senses of perception, it is true that since very ancient times Indians had perceived the material world as comprising these 5 elements.

5. During 600 B.C, science had grown as a theoretical entity. Excavations of mohenjo- Daro, Harappa and Indus valley civilisations show the existence of town planning, drainage system etc. Which require scientific skills and techniques. Aryabhatta, Brahmagupta , Bhsakara , Varahmihira , Atreya , Susruta , Charaka contributed to the field of Mathematics, Medicine and Surgery. Thus we may conclude that most of the Ancient day activities involved various concept and ideas of science.

6. In India, there were tremendous developments in the fields like mathematics, astronomy, medicine, architecture and agriculture till 600 A. D The medicine related knowledge was adapted from Rig –Veda (assumed to be written about 4000 years back), Vaisheskia (one of the upanishads ) discusses atom and formation of world, Sankhya philosophy resembles Darwinism and the Upa - Vedas discuss about various sciences. The two prominent ancient universities Taxila and Nalanda were emerged as a part of the effort for institutionalizing education.

7. Medieval period In this period couldn’t much progress in science education in India Thereafter, the invaders from various parts of the globe like west Asia and Central Asia, played major role in nurturing science education apart from Arabic, Turkish and the Persian languages. Scholars and knowledgeable persons from India went outside the country and were patronized in the royal courts of West Asian and Central Asian countries. This led to brain drain. The Scholars carried information, methods, techniques and the concepts that actually originated in India but were modified, synthesized and introduced as new concepts of the medieval Arabic and Persian scientific traditions of West Asia and Central Asia.

8. Modern period Initially, the East India Company did not show much interest in education, instead it was busy propagating its religion among the Indian. During British, newer branch of science; Modern science was also introduced along with the study of foreign language (English ) In modern science, experiments were given prominence for acquiring knowledge. During modern period, India followed the development process of science of Western countries.

9. Later on due to combined efforts of enlightened Indian, missionaries and the government officers, modern Education slowly spread all over the India with definite subject. The education system prevailing in the country was introduced by the England education system ; but science education was not given much importance. Subject like a natural science , astrology, quran , law, geometry, arithmetic etc..were taught in Calcutta Madras (1780). Medical Science were taken up in Benaras Sanskrit College (1791). Charles Grand is called father of Modern education in India.

10. The charter Act 1813 played a key role in the history of education in modern India . Development in the education of science was due to translation of some English Scientific books into Indian language. Numerous reports suggested that the state of science education was very bad and it needed urgent improvement in due course. It envisaging two types of high school in India, which said, The Academic high school and Technical High Schools . The academic High Schools will impart instruction in Arts and pure science The technical high Schools will provide training in applied sciences , industrial and commercial subjects. Science was emphasized mainly in technical high school

11. In the science policy resolution of 1958, drafted by Nehru and adopted by Parliament. Science has influenced even the basic values of life and has given to civilization in a new dynamism. Under the chairmanship of late Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri , the Indian parliamentary and scientific committee was set up in 1961 to study the problems of ‘Science Education in Schools’. NCERT was established on September 1 ,1961, as an autonomous organisation with its head quarters in New Delhi. In the 1963, the USSR experts of UNESCO planning Mission, visited India and suggestive measures were recommended to improve Science and Mathematics education . Thereafter, Indian Education Commission ( 1964-66) recommended many measures for the improvement of science education.

12. INDIAN EDUCATION COMMISSION (1964-66)
Science and Mathematics to be made compulsory subject during first ten years of schooling.
Teaching is to be related with agriculture in rural areas and technology in urban areas.
In lower classes, science should be taught by correlating it with environment.
At higher classes, disciplinary approach is to be implemented.
Science corner in lower classes and laboratory-cum-lecture room in higher classes should be created.

13. Ishwar Bhai Patel Committee was appointed in 1977(SUWP).
In 2005, the National Curriculum Framework Based on the recommendations of Education Policy (1968) and NCF-1975 was developed.
The NCF 1988 was developed based on the recommendations of Education Policy (1986) and was revised which resulted in NCF-2000.
In2005 National curriculum Framework was put into practice across the country. Based on this, many state governments developed state-wise curricular framework and the same is being followed till today.
In 2014, the central government appointed a committee to draft new National Educational Policy. At present NEP 2020 will be going to implemented in India

14. CONCLUSION The evolution of science has been a remarkable journey, spanning thousands of years. From the early primitive tools of the paleolithic era to the cutting -edge technologies of today. science has continuously transform and improved human life. Enhanced our understanding of the world and universe . Improved human health, quality of life and longevity. Enabled technological advancements and innovation.