Evolution of shelters

how to evolution/formation of shelters start

1. OM INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN TOPIC : EVOLUTION OF SHELTER SUBMITED TO : AR. SUNJILA SUBMITED BY: GIRDHAR , BHARAT ROLL NO. : 1610463001, 1610463002 BRANCH: B.ARCH 4 TH SEMESTER

2. Why we need shelters? A shelter can protect us form (natural disaster), (wild animals), from (climate factors {like wind, rain, snow, heat etc.}). It gives us a feeling of safety / well-being. In a shelter we have all types of (equipment’s) to full fill our need’s.

3. How to form a shelter? According to the history the life is start form the primitive period. which they predict the division of time in to three age Paleolithic age In which about 25,000 years, this is the first stone age when (they live their life) for survival and search for food to [live under the trees and natural caves] Neolithic age In this time new stone age about 10,000 years after (Paleolithic age) they know to how to struggle for survival and learn the new techniques to formation of their own shelters (from grass and wood) inn the form of a tent [create a hut/tent]. With their live in a permanent place they form a village as a part of a tribe. Megalithic age It means the formation of a (mega + stone) structure to formation of a temple or warship place where all the peoples meet and know there nature and enjoy.

4. Stone Age In the earliest prehistoric era, before Man knew how to build shelters, they made use of the natural environment to provide them with shelter. The earliest forms of shelter were those in trees, where it would provide minimal protection against the searing heat of the sun and the cold of the rain. Also, trees protected Man against animals that could not climb up the trees. Another natural form of shelter was the cave, which provided greater protection against inclement weather, though offering less protection against wild animals. The first man-made shelter was believed to have been made out of stones and tree branches. The stones were placed at the base of the structure to hold the branches in place. Man slowly learned the make simple tools that would allow them to build better structures, and later on these structures gradually evolved in shape and form. Other materials such as huge stone slabs, bones, and even animal hide were used to built the structures, which then provided much more stability, security and comfort. Eventually, earth was taken from the ground and dried in the sun to form clay blocks, leading to the usage of bricks as the basic building block of shelters. A cave formed within a mountainous rock A shelter made frombones .

5. Formation of tent houses There is no instrument available to cut the tree trunk (trunks are very heavy) and difficult to mould in any shape (by cutting), due to branches they can easily bent them each other, creating the inverted V-shape of a natural tent. The bottom of each branch will need some support to hold it firm on the ground. Maybe a ring of stones. When next in the district, it makes sense to return to the same encampment. The simple foundations will have remained in place, and perhaps some of the superstructure too. This can be quickly repaired constructed. There is often a circular or oval ring of stones, with evidence of local materials being used for a tent-like roof.

6. First Brick House Early structures in Monterey were built of sun-dried mud blocks.   Walls as thick as three feet were needed to support second story floors.   Adobe buildings required plastering on exterior surfaces to keep out damaging winter rains.   The life of an adobe building was limited due to the lack of permanence in building materials.   The arrival of the American Period brought Gallant Dickinson who, in 1847, introduced a new building technique to California, the art of fired clay brick making (Fired clay bricks were in use throughout Europe. Much of Imperial Rome had been constructed with this technique). Dickinson fired thousands of clay blocks into rock-hard bricks. His efforts led to the construction of one of the first fired brick buildings in California.   This form of brick making provided increased strength for multiple-storied buildings while maintaining standard wall widths.   Fired brick was also water resistant and required little or no surface treatment.  

7. The history of stairs dates back to the first human structures, which were most likely hewn logs or flat rocks stacked for easier access to the raised entrances of huts or even caves. As civilization and building techniques advanced around the world, magnificent staircases took shape in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Both interior and exterior staircases have been with us ever since. The world’s most extreme staircase has 11,674 steps climbing 7,753 feet up the face of Mt. Niesen in Switzerland. As buildings themselves got taller, from temples to cathedrals to skyscrapers, staircases had to grow with them. The stairs are one of the oldest buildings in architectural history, they have always played a central role in the history of humanity,   it is believed his appearance was by the year 6000 before Christ . The stairs seems to change shape with the change of architectural eras, reflecting the trends used in different ages and revealing the talent of those who designed them. The first stairs in the history were wood trunks fitter together, these kind of stairs were used to acquire strategic positions for survival. In a basic sense, the first use which was given to the stairs was to overcome the difficulties presented by the terrain, such as valleys or mountains, the goal was to be able to pass these difficulties as soon as possible, move up often meant moving to a place of greater security, then this could have meant at that time the difference between life and death, it was very important to move quickly, hence the importance of the stairs.   Formation of Stairs

8. Early Modern Period The Early Modern Period encompasses the late Renaissance period as well as the Early Industrial Age. Many technological innovations took place in this period, some of which formed the foundation for building shelters in the modern day. Glass was used extensively in this period, and altered the facade and window construction details considerably. This technique was used mostly in the building of grand public structures

9. Kachcha A kachcha is a building made of natural materials such as mud, grass, bamboo, thatch or sticks and is there for a short-lived structure. The advatage of a kachcha is that construction materials are cheap and easily available and relatively little labor is required. Semi-pukka A combination of the kachcha and pukka style, the semi- pukka, has evolved as villagers have acquired the resources to add elements constructed of the durable materials characteristic of a pukka. Pakka A pakka is a structure made from material resistant to wear, such as forms of stone or brick, clay tiles, metal or other durable materials, such structures are expensive to construct as the materials are costly and more labor is required.

10. THANKS