Evolutions of Policing, Effects of Globalization in Policing

This presentation is all about Policing and effects of globalization in policing

1. Evolution of policing

2. Praetorian Guard – military bodies who serve as guardians of peace in ancient Rome in which the idea of policing said to have originated Officer de la Paix – a French term which claimed to be the origin of the term Police Officer.

3. Anglo-Saxon Period of Policing System (Ancient England) Tun Policing System – all male residents were required to guard the town (tun) to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the people. Ten families in town (tun) equaled a tithing. Each tithing elected a leader who was known as the Tithingman. Since 10 tithings amounted to 100, the leader of 100 families was named the reeve. Both the tithingman and reeve were elected officials. They possessed judicial power as well as police authority. B. Hue and Cry – A village law started in Britain which provided methods of apprehending a criminal by an act of the complainant to shout to call all male residents to assemble and arrest the suspect.

4. C. Trial by Ordeal – A judicial practice where in the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting him to unpleasant, usually dangerous, experience. The word “ordeal” was derived from the Medieval Latin word “Dei Indicum” which means “a miraculous decision.” Two Types of Trials during Anglo-Saxon Period Oaths (Compurgation) – the Compurgator system allowed other people, preferably of high social position to swear that the accused is an honest person. (this is known today as character wtiness ) Trial by Ordeal – a person is compelled to perform an act either walking on a burning coal or through red hot iron. It was said that the gods would protect the innocent.

5. 2. Norman Period of Policing Shire-Reeve – Shire-Reeve was a policing system during the Norman Period when England was divided into fifty-five (55) military areas, each headed by a ruler called Reeve (head-man or lieutenant of the army). The fifty-five military divisions in England are called shires. the shire-reeve had absolute powers that no one could questions his or her actions. Two “ Constabuli ” or “The Keeper of the Horse” were appointed to each village to aid the Reeve in his duties. It became the source of the word Constable. The term “Shire-Reeve is said to be the origin of the word “Sheriff.” B. Travelling Judge or Circuit Judge – A judge selected to hear cases which were formerly being judged by the Shire-reeve and tasked to travel through and hear criminal cases. This was the first instance of the division of the police and judicial powers.

6. C. Legis Henrici (Laws of Henry) – An act that was enacted during this period with the following features: Offenses were classified as against the king and individual Policeman becomes public servant. The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest. It introduced the system called “citizen’s arrest.” Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law. It eliminated the “Anglo-Saxon Trial or “Trial by Ordeal System” D. Frankpledge System – A system of policing whereby a group of ten neighboring male residents over twelve years of age were required to guard the town to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the people.

7. 3. Westminster Period of Policing System This period has the following features: Guards were appointed and the duties of the constables at night (watch) and daytime (ward) were defined Statute of Westminster of 1285, a collection of regulations aimed at keeping the peace. B. Statute of 1295 – The law that marks the beginning of the curfew hours, which demanded the closing of the gates of London during sundown.

8. C. Justice of the Peace (About 1361) – Three or four men who were learned in the law of the land were given authority to pursue, arrest, chastise and imprisonment violators of law. They handled felonies, misdemeanors and infractions of city or village ordinances. This was later abolished about 75 years after. D. Star Chamber Court (1487) – A special court designed to try offenders against the state. The room set-up is formed in a shape of a star and judges were given great powers such as the power to force testimony from defendant leading to a great abuse of power or brutality on the part of the judges.

9. Effects of Globalization to policing

10. Globalization - process of interaction and integration among the people, companies and governments of different nations. A process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. The process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity and on human physical well-being in societies around the world. - package of transnational flow of people, production, investment, information, ideas and authority. - refers to the integration of economics and societies all over the world.

11. Negative Effects of Globalization Environmental degradation In many poorer nations, foreign businesses utilizing workers in a country take advantage of the lower wage rates Brain drain … opportunities in richer countries drives talent away from poorer countries, leading to brain drains. Disease Drug and illicit goods trade

12. Effects of Globalization on the Role and Functions of the Police POSITIVE EFFECTS Improvement of domestic and international police capabilities Enhanced international cooperation to combat transnational crimes and terrorism Strengthened police investigative capabilities

13. NEGATIVE EFFECTS Threats of Terrorism and Organized Crime Terrorists and Criminal Groups have access to sophisticated weapons enhancing their capability to inflict damage and to commit crimes Terrorists and Criminals use Internet for communicating among themselves Terrorists can spread propaganda through the Internet Increase in criminality and human right violations

14. Seven Theories of Comparative Criminology: 1. ALERTNESS TO CRIME THEORY - Explains that people’s alertness to crime is heightened so they report more crimes to the police and also demand the police to become more effective in solving crime problems. 2. ECONOMIC OR MIGRATION THEORY - Crime is a result of unrestrained migration and overpopulation in urban areas such as ghettos and slums. 3. OPPORTUNITY THEORY - Along with higher standard of living, victims become more careless of their belongings and opportunities for committing of crime multiply.

15. 4. DEMOGRAPHIC THEORY - Greater numbers of children are being born, because as these baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity crisis. 5. DEPRIVATION THEORY - Progress comes along with rising expectations and people at the bottom develop unrealistic expectations while people at the top do not see themselves rising fast enough. 6. MODENIZATION THEORY - Sees the problem as society becoming too complex. 7. ANOMIE AND SYNOMIE THEORY - social cohesion on values; suggest that progressive lifestyle and norms result in the disintegration of older norms that once held people together.

16. IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES ON DRUG-RELATED CRIME AND CRIMINAL ORGANIZATION CYBERCRIME It covers many types of activities but essentially can be used to describe violations of law that are committed and or facilitated through the use of electronic media. In Comparison with ordinary crime, cybercrime requires few resources relative to the damage that can be caused, it can be committed in a jurisdiction without the offender being physically present in it and in many countries, offences are inadequately defined or not defined at all, hence, personal risk and the likelihood of detection are low.

17. DRUG RELATED ORGANIZED CRIME Organized Criminality has become more transnational and has been restructured and decentralized; in other words, it too has globalized. Transnational Criminals do not respect borders in that, in carrying out their activities, they trail their activities across several jurisdictions to minimize law enforcement risk and maximize profits.

18. GLOBALIZATION AND TERRORISM The Causes of Terrorism: 1. PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Those who engaged in terrorism may do so for purely personal reasons, based on their own psychological state of mind. Their motivation may be nothing more than hate or the desire for power. 2. IDEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Ideology defined as beliefs, values and or principles by which a group identifies its particular aims and goals. Ideology may encompass religion or political philosophies and programs. 3. STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVE Terrorism is sometimes seen as a logical extension of the failure of politics. When people seek redress of their grievances through government, but fail to win governments attention to their plight, they may resort to violence.

19. GLOBALIZATION AND PEOPLE SMUGGLING For Centuries, people have left their homes in search of better lives elsewhere. In the last decade, the process of globalization has caused an unprecedented amount of migration from the least developed co8ntries of Asia, Africa, Latin America and Eastern Europe to Western Europe, Australia and North America. Economic instability appears to the main reason for illegal migration. People smuggling syndicate are drawn by the huge profits that can be made, while benefiting from weak legislation and the relatively low risk of detection, prosecution and arrest compared to other activities of transnational organized crime. People smuggling implies the procurement for financial or material gain, of the illegal entry into a state of which that person is neither a citizen nor a permanent resident

20. Distinction: PEOPLE SMUGGLING It is an individual who pay a smuggler in order to gain illegal entry to a country to do so voluntarily. HUMAN TRAFFICKING It is an individual or victim are often duped or forced into entering another country.

21. GLOBALIZATION AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING One of today’s biggest human rights crises is the international trafficking of women and girls to a lesser extent boys into sex slavery. Human trafficking is the third largest criminal industry in the world, outranked only by arms and drug dealing. The number of people trafficked each year estimated by most experts to be in the millions. Given its current growth low investigation rate and low prosecution rate, human trafficking is expected by some to take over drug trafficking as the second largest criminal industry in the world within the next decade.

22. How does Human Trafficking Takes Places? Traffickers acquire their victims primarily from developing countries where poverty is rampant, commonly through some means of force or deception. Victims are typically very young, most ranging in age from eight to 18 y ears old.

23. Global Implications 1. Threats to border integrity, as millions of people are transported annually across national boundaries under false pretenses. 2. Threats to human health, through the spread of HIV/AIDS and other STDs to the victims, their clients, their client’s wives and so on. 3. Threats to national and international security, since it is believed that mania of the worlds major sex traffickers are connected to organized crime groups, which may then use the proceeds to fund other criminal activities such as terrorism. 4. Threats to the very health of our global human conscience, since slavery-often proudly touted as having been wiped out in the 19th century is actually alive and well, right in all of our own backyards.