Excreta Disposal ppt.pptx

After defecation, a few litres of water must be poured, or thrown, into the bowl in order to flush the excreta into the pit or sewerage system below. Pour-flush latrines may be constructed directly above a pit or may be offset, whereby the waste travels through a discharge pipe to a pit or septic tank

1. UNIT-2 HEALTH Topic- Disposal of Excreta Guided by , Prepared by, Dr. Anjalatchi Miss. Preeti Rawat M.Sc.(N)MD(AM),MBA (HA) M.Sc.(N) 1 ST Year Era college of nursing community health nursing Sarafarajganj Lucknow Era College of Nursing Sarfarajganj Lucknow 2260021

2. Unit – 2 HEALTH Waste disposal General waste Excreta waste E- waste Dead waste of human and animals, others

3. At the end of this session, the learner will be able to understand: To introduced the topic of excreta disposal . Describe the hazard of improper excreta disposal . Explain the transmission of excreta disposal . Describe the barrier of sanitary disposal . List out the methods of excreta disposal.

4. Abbreviation 1949 - Environmental hygiene committee P.R.A.I- planning ,research and action institute RCA- research-cum-action projects 1949-1950 -Dug well latrine was first introduced in singur ,west bengal

5. Terminology Excreta – waste matter discharge from the body , especially feces and urine. Human excreta – it refers to the waste products of the human digestive system and the human metabolism, feces and urine. Sewage – sewage is the waste from community containing solid and liquid excreta derived from house , street and yard , washing , factories and industries. Sewer – an underground conduit for carrying off drainage water and waste matter.

6. Excreta Disposal INTRODUCTION:- Human excreta is a source of infection. It is an important cause of environmental pollution. every society has a responsibility for its safe removal and disposal so that it does not constitute a threat to public health. Human waste (human excreta) refers to the waste products of the human digestive system and the human metabolism namely feces and urine.

7. Health hazard of improper excreta disposal:-

8. How disease is carried from excreta:- Human excreta of a sick person or a carrier of disease is the main focus of infection. it contains the disease agent which is transmitted a new host through various channels :-

9. Sanitary barriers:- Over 90% of the couse of diarrheal deaths is unsafe drinking water , poor sanitation , insufficient hygine . Community medicine aims at breaking the disease cycle at vulnerable points. The disease cycle may be broken at various level: segregation of feces , protection of water supplies , protection of foods , personal hygiene, control of flies.

10. Cont…

11. Methods of excreta disposal:- The methods are classified into two groups: 1- unsewered areas 2- sewered areas 1 ) Unsewered areas Service type latrine( conservancy system) Non service types( snitary latrine):- Bore hole latrine Dug well latrine Water seal latrine- this includes:-

12. Cont…..

13. CONT… d).septic tank e). Aqua privy. Latrine suitable for camps and temporary use Shallow trench latrine Deep trench latrine Pit latrine Bore hole latrine 2) Sewered areas Water- carriage system and sewage treatment.

14. Cont… 1-Screening 2-Removal of grit 3-Plain sedimentation 1Ttickling filters 2-Activated sludge process 1- Sea outfall 2- River outfall 3-Sewage farming 4-OSSxidation ponds Water coverage system 1-Primary Treatment 2-Secondary Treatment 3-Others methods

15. 1- excreta disposal in unsewered areas:- 1- services types(conservancy system):- The collection and removal of nightsoil from bucket or pail latrine by human agency is called services type or conservancy system

16. Non –services type (sanitary latrine):- Criteria for a sanitary latrine:- Excreta should not contaminated the ground and the surface water . Excreta should not pollute the soil. Excreta should not be accessible to flies , rodents, animals. Excreta should not create a nuisance due to odor or unsightly appearance.

17. A- Bore hole latrine First introduced by the Rockefeller foundation during 1930 in campaign of hook worm control The latrine consist of a circular hole 30-40cm in diameter , dug vertically into the ground to a depth of 4 to 8m, most commonly 6m. A concrete squatting plate with a central opening and rest is place over the hole . Bore hole is essentially a family type of instillation and is not recommended as a public convenience because of its small capacity.

18. Cont… Merits :- No need for the service of a sweeper for daily removal of Nightsoil . Unsuitable for fly breeding If located 15m away from the Source of water supply, there Should be no danger of water Pollution .

19. Cont.. Demerits :- Small capacity. A special , the auger is required for the construction which may not be readily available . In many places, the sub soil water is high and the soil loose with the results it may be difficult to dig a hole deeper than 3m.

20. B- Dugwell latrine:- A circular pit about 75cm in diameter and 3 to 3.5m deep. The pits may be lined with pottery rings to prevents caving in of the soil . A concrete squatting plate is place on the top of the pit and the latrine is enclosed with a superstructure.

21. Cont.. Advantage of dugwell latrine:- It is easy to construct and no special equipment is needed to dig the hit. The pit has a longer life than borehole latrine of greater capacity

22. C- Water seal type of latrine:- A further improvement in the designing of sanitary latrine for rural families is the hand- flushed ” water seal” type of latrine . Here the squatting plate is fitted with a water seal. Functions:- it prevents access by flies . It prevents escape of odours and foul gases and there by eliminating the nuisance from smell. Once the latrine is flushed , nightsoil is no longer visible.

23. Cont.. Types:- P.R.A.I Type :- (planning, research and action isntitute, Lucknow (U.P). RCA type :- designed by the research –cum-action projects in environmental sanitation of the ministry of health , government of India. Essential featurs of RCA Latrine:- sources- squatting Plate- pan and trap- construct ion pipe- dug well- superstru cture - maintenance.

24. Sulabh shauchalaya The model inventions of Patna based firm It consist of specially deigned pan and a water seal trap. It is connected to a pit 3 feet square and as deep. Basically it is an improved version of the standard hand flush latrine ( e.g RCA type). The system is to charge Rs. 5 per user.

25. D- Septic Tank The septic tank is a water – tight masonry tank into which household sewage is admitted for treatment. It is a satisfactory means of disposing excreta and liquid wastes from individual dwellings, small groups of houses and institution which have adequate water supplies but do not have access to a public sewerage system Capacity the minimum capacity of a septic tank should be at least 500 gallons

26. cont Length- the length is usually twice the breadth. Depth - the depth of aseptic tank is from 1.5 to 2m. Liquid depth - the recommended liquid depth is only 1.2m. Air space – a minimum air space of 30 cm between the level of liquid in the tank and the undersurface of the cover . Bottom – the bottom is sloping towards the inlets end. Inlet and outlets- there is inlet and outlet which is submerged Cover- the septic tank is covered by a concrete slab of suitable thickness & provided with a manhole. Retention period- septic tank are designed to allow a retention period of 24 hrs.

27. E- Aqua Privy It consist of a water tight chamber filled with water. A short length of a drop pipe from the latrine floor dips into the water. Advantage:- - cannot be blocked with bulky anal cleaning material. Nil problem with odor or flies. Can be connected to sewage system at a later date . Disadvantage:- - expansive to build. Need large volumes of water to work.

28. Water seal may be hard to maintain. Tanks must be emptied about every 3 years.

29. 2- latrine suitable for temporary use and camps:- 1- shallow trench latrine:- The trench is 30cm wide and 90-150cm deep Its length depend on the number of users:3-3.5m for 1oo people.

30. 2-deep trench latrine The trench is 90cm wide and 1.8 – 2.5m deep.

31. 2-Sewered areas Water- carriage system and sewage treatment : The water carriage system or sewage system implies collecting and transporting of human excreta nd waste water from residential, commercial and industrial areas, by net- work of underground pipes , called sewer to place of ultimate disposal. Modern sewage treatment:- modern sewage treatment may be divided into two stage:- Primary treatment:- the solid are seperated from the sewage partly by screening and partly by sedmentation and subjected to anaerobic digestion which is the first stage in purification.

32. Cont.. Secondary treatment:- the effulent is subjected to aerobic oxidation , which is the second stage in purification.

33. Primary treatment Screening :- the screen consist of vertical or inclined steel bars usually set 5cm apart.

34. Cont… Grit chamber:- this chamber is approximately 10-20m in length it is si designed as to maintain constant velocity of about 1 foot per second with a detention period of 30 second to 1 mt .

35. Cont.. Primary sedimentation:- It is a very large tank holding from ¼ to 1/3 the dry whether flow. Flow very slowly across the tank at a velocity of 1 to 2 feet per minute. The sewage spends about 6 to 8 hrs in the tank.

36. Secondary treatment 1- Trickling filter methods:- the trickling filter or percolating filter is a bed of cursed stones or cinker,1 to 2 m deep and 2 – 30 m in diameter depending on the size of the population.

37. Cont. 2- Activated sludge process:- The effluent is mixed with sludge draw from the final setting tank. The mixture is subjected to aeration chamber for about 6 to 8 hrs. The aeration is accomplished either by mechanical agitation or by forcing compressed air continuously from the bottom of the aeration tank. Organic matter of the sewage gets oxidize into carbon dioxide , nitrates, and water the help of aerobic bacteria.

38. Sea outfall

39. River outfall

40. Land treatment(sewage farming)

41. Oxidation pond

42. Oxidation of ditches

43. Summary Till now we discussed about the concept of the health like introduction , definition of excreta waste ,improper excreta disposal , explain the transmission of excreta disposal , barrier of excreta disposal ,methods of excreta disposal etc.

44. Conclusion Now I am going to conclude my topic excreta waste I hope you all understand the concept and methods of excreta disposal .

45. Questionnaire of excreta disposal Defining the following Define human excreta ? Sanitary barrier? The health hazards of improper excreta disposal? Sewage? Bore hole latrine? Shorts questions How to transmit the disease from excreta to host?

46. 2- list out the methods of excreta disposal? 3- write down about sulabh shauchalaya? 4- describe the modern sewage treatment? 5- explain septic tank methods of excreta disposal with draw the diagram ? Long questions Brief describe the unsewerd area methods of excreta disposal? Write details about water – carriage system and sewage treatment

47. Fill in the blanks 1- Disposal excreta is sources of----------- 2- Segregation of the excreta by imposting a barrier called the------------ 3-The collection and removal of night soil from bucket or pail latrine by human agency is called----------of latrine 4-dug well latrine or pit latrine was first introduced in singur , west bengal in -------------- 5- the sulabh shauchalaya system is to charges Rs. --------

48. Cont…. Multiple choice questions : 1- The trench methods one are of land per year required for: 10k population 11k population 7.5k population 7k population 2- The “sulabh shauchalaya” model the invention of a : Delhi based firm Lucknow based firm Patna based firm Bangalore based firm

49. Cont.. 3- The environmental hygiene committee is formed in: 1946 1944 1949 1954 4- The dug well or pit is usually in diameter : 4- 4.5 m 6-6.5 m 3- 3.5 m 7 – 7.5 m

50. Assignment Write the project on” different types of disposal of excreta use in India.” Submit on 27/ 5 /2021 , time 9am at place M.Sc. Nursing 1 st class room.

51. Cont… 5- The first sewer were lain in 1967: Mumbai Gujarat Punjab Kolkata 6- sewage contains ------- of water---: 72% 86% 100% 99.9%

52. Reference Students Reference Park k . parks text book of preventive and social medicine.23 rd edition. m/s banarasidas bhanot publishers. Prem nagar Nagpur road Jabalpur (India).2015.page no.756-769 Basavanthappa BT. Community health nursing . 3 rd edition. Jaypee the health sciences publisher. New delhi panama. Volume 2 nd . 2016. Page no. 934-939 Saxena RP.text book of community health nursing.2 nd edition.lotus publisher. Ladowali road j. jalandhar city.2018. page no.481-499. www.googleimages.com

53. Teacher Reference Kamalam S. essentials of community health nursing practice .2 nd edn. Jaypee brothers. New Delhi. Page no.345-360 Gulani k.k. community health nursing: principles and practices. Latest edn.page no.263