Exogenic processes

What are the events occurring on the surface of the earth?

1. EXOGENIC PROCESSES Prepared By: Lady Ann Ner and Daniela Sien Gelladula ABM 11-B EROSION MASS WASTING SEDIMENTATION

2. Exogenic processes are processes that take place at or near the earth’s surface that makes the surface wear away. Exogenic processes are very destructive, they are responsible for Degradation and sculpting the earth’s surface.

3. TYPES OF EXOGENIC PROCESSES (Weathering, erosion, mass wasting and sedimentation)

4. T he physical weathering happens when rock is physically broken into smaller pieces.

5. Factors that affect physical weathering ICE WEDGING ICE WEDGING RELEASE OF PRESSURE GROWTH OF PLANTS ANIMALS ABRASION ICE WEDGING ~> H2O seeps in rock, expands, crack rocks into smaller pieces. RELEASE OF PRESSURE ~> Surface rock erodes, rock flakes like onion layers. GROWTH OF PLANTS ~> Roots grow into cracks and push rocks apart. ANIMALS ~> Burrow and push apart rock. ABRASION ~> Sand and rock carried by wind, water, ice wears away surface rock when rocks collide. Most common in windy areas

6. The chemical weathering is the process of breaking down rock through chemical changes.

7. Factors that affect chemical weathering WATER OXYGEN CARBON DIOXIDE LIVING ORGANISMS WATER ~> Water dissolves rock chemically. OXYGEN ~> Rocks that has iron in it mixes with oxygen and rusts. CARBON DIOXIDE ~> CO2 dissolves in rainwater and weathers marble and limestone. LIVING ORGANISMS ~> Acids from plants and roots chemically weather rock. ACID RAIN ~> Air pollution reacts with clouds and falls on rock as acid rain. ACID RAIN

8. Physical Weathering vs. Chemical weathering

9. AGENTS OF EROSION (WATER, WIND, ICE, AND GRAVITY)

10. EROSION BY WATER EROSION BY GRAVITY EROSION BY WIND EROSION BY ICE Erosion by water changes the shape of coastlines. Waves constantly crash against shores. They pound rocks into pebbles and reduce pebbles to sand. Water sometimes takes sand away from beaches. This moves the coastline farther inland. Gravity pulls any loose bits down the side of a hill or mountain. Gravity Erosion is better known as Mass Movement. Erosion by ice can erode the land. In frigid areas and on some mountaintops, glaciers move slowly downhill and across the land. As they move, they pick up everything in their path, from tiny grains of sand to huge boulders. Erosion by wind carries dust, sand, and volcanic ash from one place to another. Wind can sometimes blow sand into towering dunes.

11. RESULT OF EROSION

12. WEATHERING VS. EROSION ( Erosion begins with a process called weathering)

13. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION in weathering and erosion REGOLITH ~> When weathered rock remains in place and remains in its pure state. SEDIMENT ~> When weathered material is removed from the site of weathering. MOVING WATER ~> It is the main agent of erosion. PEOPLE ~> Nowadays, people became one of the causes of erosion. WEATHERING AND EROSION ~> Weathered rock material will be removed from its original site and transported away by a natural agent.

14. It is a natural process in which a material is carried to the bottom of bodies of water and forms to solid. SEDIMENTATION

15. Ocean basins are those areas found under the sea. They can be relatively inactive areas where deposits of sediment slowly collect or active areas where tectonic plates meet.

16. MASS WASTING Mass wasting is the movement of rock, soil and regolith downward due to the action of gravity.

17. It is triggered by the following factors: WATER EARTHQUAKE Rainwater adds weight and acts as a lubricant to weathered material. It is a vibration and also a factor that triggers mass wasting. The lack of vegetation cover to hold the loose particles. VEGETATION REMOVAL OVER-STEEPENED SLOPE Rapid movements are commonly found in steep slopes while slow movements are found on gentle slopes.

18. TYPE OF MATERIAL Debris, mud or earth If soil and regolith dominate. Rock When a mass of bedrock break. TYPE OF MOTION Fall The free fall of detached individual pieces of any size. Slide A distinct zone of weakness separating the slide material from the more stable underlying material . Flow Occurs when material moves down slope as a viscous fluid.

19. Slump Solifluction Earthflow Mudflow Classifications: Debris slide Debris flow Rock fall Soil creep

20. slump A slump is a type of mass wasting that results in the sliding of coherent rock materials along a curved surface.

21. sOLIFLUCTION The solifluction is the slow downhill flow of soil.

22. Earthflow Earthflow is a downslope viscous flow of fine-grained materials that have been saturated with water and moves under the pull of gravity.

23. MUDFLOW Mudflow occurs when mud travels down a slope very quickly. The Mameyes mudflow disaster, in barrio Tibes , Ponce, Puerto Rico.

24. Debris slide A debris slide is a type of slide characterized by the chaotic movement of rocks, soil, and debris mixed with water and/or ice.

25. Debris FLOW A debris flow is a moving mass of loose mud, sand, soil, rock, water and air that travels down a slope under the influence of gravity.

26. ROCK FLOW Rock flow occurs when pieces of rock break loose from a steep rock face or cliff.

27. Soil creep Soil Creep is a slow, gradual movement of soil or regolith downhill over time.

28. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Debris ~> Rubble, trash, random material like large pieces of wood, metal or plastic Slurry ~> River of flowing mud Slope ~> An incline, like a slide or ramp Low-lying Area ~> Land that is close to a coast or near water or sea levels

29. Trivias : Mount wai -’ale’ ale on kauai , hawaii is the place that has the most rainy days. It was 350 rainy days annually. The longest rainless in the world was at chile , africa with 14 years without rain. It was october 1903- january 1918.