EXPANDED PROGRAMME OF IMMUNUZATION.pptx

HEALTH

1. UNIT 4: EXPANDED PROGRAMME FOR IMMUNIZATION

2. Msc in Child health, P.g Peds , BSC NSG, DIP NSG ERIC CHISUPA EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA

3. UNIT 4: EXPANDED PROGRAMME FOR IMMUNIZATION 4.1 Definition of key terms 4.2 Review of immunology 4.3 Introduction to Expanded Programme for Immunization (EPI) 4.4 Immunization guidelines and schedule 4.4.1 Target groups for vaccination 4.4.2 Vaccination schedule 4.4.3 Administration of vaccines 4.4.4 Side effects of vaccines 4.4.5 School health and nutrition programme EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA

4. LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of session you should be able to: Define different key terms that are used in Expanded Programme for immunization. Describe immunology Explain the back ground of Expanded Programme for Immunization (EPI) Discuss the Immunization guidelines and schedule Identify the Target groups for vaccination Describe the Vaccination schedule Explain the Administration of vaccines Discuss the Side effects of vaccines EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA

5. DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS IMMUNITY: is the state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection or disease or other unwanted biological invasion. IMMUNOLOGY: This is the branch of biomedical science that deals with the response of an organism to antigenic challenge and its recognition of what is self and what is not. ANTIGEN: is any foreign substance that elicits an immune response. EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA

6. DEFINITION OF KEY TERM cont….. ANTIGEN: is the substance that binds specifically to the respective antibody ANTIBODIES: also known as an immunoglobulin ( Ig ), are specialized immune proteins, produced normally by specialized B cells because of the introduction of an antigen into the body, and which possesses the remarkable ability to combine with the very antigen that triggered its production. VACCINE: Is a substance that is used to produce immunity. EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA

7. DEFINITION OF KEY TERM cont….. VACCINATION: is the administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen IMMUNIZATION: is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an agent (known as the immunogen ). or IMMUNIZATION is the process of protecting a person from a specific disease. EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA

8. DEFINITION OF KEY TERM cont….. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION: is the transfer of active humoral immunity in the form of ready-made antibodies, from one individual to another OR PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION : This is the acquisition of readily formed antibodies ( Transplacental transmission, immunoglobulin administration) ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION : this stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies & cellular elements against an infectious agent EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA

9. 4.2. REVIEW OF IMMUNOLOGY Immunology deals with the defense mechanisms of the organism that help it to combat its susceptibility to foreign organisms, material, etc. This branch looks at immunity system which is the capability of the body to resist harmful microbes from entering it. There are two types of components that are involved in immunity. These are: Non-specific component or innate immunity. Specific component or adaptive immunity EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA

10. Nonspecific immunity or innate immunity is the natural resistances with which a person is born with. It provides resistances through several physical, chemical and cellular approaches. Microbes first encounter the epithelial layers, physical barriers that line skin and mucous membranes. Subsequent general defences include secreted chemical signals (cytokines), antimicrobial substances, fever, and phagocytic activity associated with the inflammatory responses. EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA

11. The phagocytes express cell surface receptors that can bind and respond to common molecular patterns expressed on the surface of invading microbes. Through these approaches, innate immunity can prevent the colonization, entry and spread of microbes. EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA

12. Specific immunity or Adaptive immunity consists of two responses which are: Humoral response Cell mediated response EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA

13. Humoral immune system The is the first way of the body’s response to antigens and it happens through substances called antibodies which circulate within the body and can act against antigens at sites very far from where they were originally produced. Antibodies are produced by special cells called B-lymphocytes which are within the lymphatic tissues of the body. They are complex chemical substances called immunoglobulin's which match the particular antigen they were made for just a key matches one particular lock only. EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA

14. Humoral immune system cont… FIVE CLASSES OF ANTIBODIES IgM IgD IgE IgA IgG EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA

15. Cell mediated immune system This is the second way of the body’s response to antigens and it happens through other special cells called T-lymphocytes and macrophages that circulate through the body and destroy micro-organisms or other cells that the micro-organisms may have invaded. The special T-cells are tuned in the same way as antibodies to a particular infecting germ EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA

16. CELLS INVOLVED IN THE IMMUNITY SYSTEM NK cells cd4 cells Macrophages Phagocytes Helper cells EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA

17. Both these systems (humoral immune system and cell mediated immune system), are specific for a particular infection or toxin, Thet are capable of retaining the memory of the antigen. The response to specific antigens by both systems is the reason why immunity developed against one disease, such as measles does not protect against other diseases such as poliomyelitis or pneumonia. EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA

18. Memory recall protects the body against subsequent attacks by the same antigens, whether germs or poisons. If a person is exposed again to an infection he has already had or been vaccinated against, the body will quickly recall the cells and make more antibodies to neutralize the toxins or fight off the micro-organisms and prevent the establishment and spread of the infection again. EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA

19. Adaptive immunity is often sub-divided into two major types depending on how the immunity was introduced. Naturally acquired immunity which occurs through contact with a disease causing agent, when the contact was not deliberate. Artificially acquired immunity which develops only through deliberate actions such as vaccination. Both naturally and artificially acquired immunity can be further subdivided depending on whether immunity is induced in the host or passively transferred from an immune host. EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA

20. Types of immunization There are two types of immunizations which are : Passive immunization Active immunization EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA

21. Passive immunization: This happens when readymade antibodies are taken and given to another person, because the person receiving these antibodies is not making them himself. It is acquired through transfer of antibodies or activated T-cells from an immune host, and is short lived—usually lasting only a few months. EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA

22. Active immunization: This happens automatically when a person gets an infection and develops his own antibodies. is induced in the host itself by antigen and lasts much longer, sometimes lifelong. EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA

23. SUMMARY OF IMMUNITY EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA

24. Any Questions EPI PEDS ERIC CHISUPA