EXPE 3.pptx experiemntal psychology ppt 1

EXPE 3.pptx experiemntal psychology ppt 1

1. nonexperimental qualitative research design Experimental Psychology Prepared by: JMTN

2. lacks the manipulation of an independent variable, random assignment of participants to conditions or orders of conditions, or both. Nonexperimental research

3. Non-experimental research designs answer research questions in which a variable was not manipulated. The events regarding the research can be in the past, controlled experiments are not performed, the participants or artifacts to be studied exist in their natural environments, and the phenomenon is studied as it occurs. Nonexperimental research

4. Experimental research is appropriate when the researcher has a specific research question or hypothesis about a causal relationship between two variables—and it is possible, feasible, and ethical to manipulate the independent variable and randomly assign participants to conditions or to orders of conditions. It stands to reason, therefore, that nonexperimental research is appropriate—even necessary—when these conditions are not met. When to Use Nonexperimental Research

5. There are many ways in which preferring nonexperimental research can be the case. When to Use Nonexperimental Research

6. The research question or hypothesis can be about a single variable rather than a statistical relationship between two variables (e.g., How accurate are people’s first impressions?). When to Use Nonexperimental Research

7. The research question can be about a noncausal statistical relationship between variables (e.g., Is there a correlation between verbal intelligence and mathematical intelligence?). When to Use Nonexperimental Research

8. The research question can be about a causal relationship, but the independent variable cannot be manipulated or participants cannot be randomly assigned to conditions or orders of conditions (e.g., Does damage to a person’s hippocampus impair the formation of long-term memory traces?). When to Use Nonexperimental Research

9. The research question can be broad and exploratory, or it can be about what it is like to have a particular experience (e.g., What is it like to be a working mother diagnosed with depression?). When to Use Nonexperimental Research

10. The choice between the experimental and nonexperimental approaches is generally dictated by the nature of the research question. If it is about a causal relationship and involves an independent variable that can be manipulated, the experimental approach is typically preferred. Otherwise, the nonexperimental approach is preferred. When to Use Nonexperimental Research

11. but remember The two approaches can also be used to address the same research question in complementary ways.

12. Nonexperimental Qualitative Research Designs Phenomenology • Case Studies • Field Studies • Archival Study • Qualitative Research

13. It seeks to understand and describe the universal essence of a phenomenon. The approach investigates the everyday experiences of human beings while suspending the researchers’ preconceived assumptions about the phenomenon. In other words, phenomenological research studies lived experiences to gain deeper insights into how people understand those experiences. Phenomenological Study

14. Researchers using phenomenological research design assume that people use a universal structure or essence to make sense of their experience. They interpret the participants’ feelings, perceptions, and beliefs to clarify the essence of the phenomenon under investigation. Phenomenological research design requires the researcher to bracket whatever a prior assumption they have about the experience or phenomenon. Phenomenological Study

15. We use phenomenological research designs to understand a phenomenon’s universal nature by exploring the views of those who have experienced it. This approach is popularly used to study lived experience, gain a deeper understanding of how human beings think, and expand a researcher’s knowledge about a phenomenon. Phenomenological Study

16. The main concept of the phenomenological approach is to identify common themes among the shared experiences of people's lives to identify and describe a phenomenon. The researcher conducts in-depth interviews with many individuals to find the common theme of the individuals. What is the main concept of the phenomenological approach?

17. phenomenological research methods

18. To better understand phenomenological research, the study to answer the questions, "What are the common experiences of high school students attending school who are identified as gifted and ADHD?" are included below:

19. Data Analysis Techniques

20. Thematic analysis is a technique that is used to identify themes and patterns in the collected data. It involves breaking down the data into its component parts and then looking for patterns and themes that emerge from the data. Thematic Analysis

21. Content analysis is a technique that is used to analyze the content of the collected data. It involves coding the data and then looking for patterns and themes that emerge from the data. Content Analysis

22. Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) is a technique that is used to interpret the lived experiences of the participants. It involves analyzing the data in order to understand the meaning that the participants attach to their lived experiences. Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA)

23. Descriptive phenomenology also known as Husserlian or transcendental phenomenology, aims to describe the essential meanings and structures of the phenomena without imposing any preconceptions or interpretations. How do we compare and contrast different types of phenomenological data analysis methods?

24. Descriptive phenomenology The data analysis process involves four steps: bracketing, horizontalization, clustering, and textualization. How do we compare and contrast different types of phenomenological data analysis methods?

25. It means setting aside one's own biases and assumptions to focus on the data. Bracketing

26. means grouping the statements into themes or categories based on their similarities and differences. Clustering

27. means writing a comprehensive description of the phenomena and their essences. Textualization

28. Interpretive phenomenology also known as existential or psychological phenomenology, acknowledges that the researcher cannot completely bracket their own perspective and background, and that the data analysis involves a co-construction of meaning between the researcher and the participants. How do we compare and contrast different types of phenomenological data analysis methods?

29. Reading means immersing oneself in the data and identifying significant statements or expressions. READING

30. Reflecting means analyzing the statements in relation to the context, the purpose, and the literature of the study. REFLECTING

31. Writing means creating a narrative that conveys the interpretation and understanding of the phenomena and their implications. Writing

32. Hermeneutic phenomenology, also known as Heideggerian or philosophical phenomenology, emphasizes that data analysis is not a linear or sequential process, but a circular and dynamic one. The data analysis involves a constant dialogue between the researcher, the participants, the data, and the literature, in which the meanings and insights emerge and evolve. Hermeneutic phenomenology

33. Naive reading means getting a sense of the whole data and identifying preliminary themes or patterns. Naive reading

34. Structural analysis means examining the data in detail and identifying sub-themes or variations. Structural analysis

35. Comprehensive understanding means synthesizing the themes and sub-themes into a coherent and holistic interpretation of the phenomena. Comprehensive understanding

36. Critical reflection means evaluating the interpretation in relation to the research question, the literature, and the implications of the study. Critical reflection

37. also known as Ricoeurian or linguistic phenomenology, focuses on data analysis as a creative and expressive process, in which the researcher uses language and narrative techniques to construct and communicate the meanings and experiences of the phenomena. Narrative phenomenology

38. Emplotment means organizing the data into a chronological and causal sequence of events or actions. Emplotment

39. Configuration means shaping the data into a narrative form that has a beginning, a middle, and an end, and that conveys a theme or a message. Configuration

40. Refiguration means inviting the readers to engage with the narrative and to interpret it in their own ways. Refiguration

41. is the intensive, thorough examination of a single subject, or very few subjects, with a unique characteristic. The subject could be a single person or a single school, community, or event. In case studies, the observations made are generally wide‐ranging and detailed. case study

42. Case studies allow us to study rare phenomena. Alternative approaches to studying rare phenomena, such as contralateral neglect, are often not possible. For example, for ethical reasons, it would obviously not be possible to damage the brains of people in order to produce this condition for an experiment. Advantages of case studies

43. Sometimes the case study can be seen as an exploratory technique used to generate ideas and hypotheses that can then be tested experimentally. Advantages of case studies

44. Case studies can challenge current theories by providing counter‐examples. Advantages of case studies

45. Case studies can provide tentative support for current theories even though, by itself, the evidence the theories provide would be far from conclusive. Advantages of case studies

46. We cannot determine cause-and-effect relationships with case study methods because we cannot control all the extraneous variables (for example, an individual with contralateral neglect likely differs from most people in many ways, including the drugs the individual is taking to treat their brain damage). Therefore, there is a confounding of these variables. Limitations of case studies

47. Sources of bias in interpretation of a case study are possible because the observer not only records observations but often participates in treatment as well (e.g., the observer may be the subject’s therapist). It often happens that the observer reports on subjective or unobservable behaviours (e.g., reporting what the subject thought or felt). Limitations of case studies

48. There are problems with generalizing from a single case (often chosen for unique non‐generalizable traits). Limitations of case studies

49. Case studies by themselves are compelling and can offer people false hope. For example, the drug Laetrile was linked in one case study to cancer remission. Although the available scientific evidence does not support its use for treating cancer or any other disease, people may have postponed or interrupted traditional therapy for cancer to pursue this unproven treatment. Limitations of case studies

50. Field Study A field study is a research method that involves conducting observations and collecting data in a natural setting. This method includes observing, interviewing, and interacting with participants in their environment, such as a workplace, community, or natural habitat.

51. Field Study Field studies can take many forms, from ethnographic studies involving extended periods of observation and using an anthropological lens to shorter-term studies focusing on specific behaviors or events. Regardless of its form, a successful field study requires careful planning, preparation, and execution to ensure the data collected is valid and reliable.

52. Advantages of field research Authenticity: Field research conducted in na t u ra l s et ti ng s allows researchers to observe and study real-life phenomena as it happens. This authenticity enhances the validity and accuracy of the data collected.

53. Advantages of field research Flexibility: Field research methods are flexible and adap tab le to differe nt re se arch contexts. Researchers can adjust their strategies to meet the specific needs of their research questions and participants and uncover new insights as the research unfolds.

54. Advantages of field research Rich data: Field research provides rich and detailed data, often including contextual information that’s difficult to capture through other research methods. This depth of knowledge allows for a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the research topic

55. Advantages of field research Novel insights: Field research can lead to discoveries that may not be possible with other research methods. Observing and studying phenomena in natural settings can provide unique perspectives and new understandings of complex issues.

56. Disadvantages of field research Time-consuming: Researchers need to spend time in the field, possibly weeks or months, which can be challenging, especially if the research site is remote or requires travel.

57. Disadvantages of field research Cost: Conducting field research can be costly, especially if the research site is remote or requires specialized equipment or materials.

58. Disadvantages of field research Reliance on participants: It may be challenging to recruit participants, and various factors, such as personal circumstances, attitudes, and beliefs, may influence their participation.

59. Disadvantages of field research Ethical considerations: Field research may raise ethical concerns, mainly if the research involves vulnerable populations or sensitive topics.

60. Disadvantages of field research Causality: Researchers may have little control over the environmental or contextual variables they are studying. This can make it difficult to establish causality and then generalize their results with previous research.

61. Methods of Field Research Direct Observation In this method, the data is collected via an observational method or subjects in a natural environment. In this method, the behavior or outcome of situation is not interfered in any way by the researcher. The advantage of direct observation is that it offers contextual data on people management , situations, interactions and the surroundings. This method of field research is widely used in a public setting or environment but not in a private environment as it raises an ethical dilemma.

62. Methods of Field Research Participant Observation In this method of field research, the researcher is deeply involved in the research process, not just purely as an observer, but also as a participant. This method too is conducted in a natural environment but the only difference is the researcher gets involved in the discussions and can mould the direction of the discussions. In this method, researchers live in a comfortable environment with the participants of the research design , to make them comfortable and open up to in-depth discussions.

63. archival study A researcher includes any person following steps to observe or analyze study data to construct novel conclusions. As researchers prepare a study, they often consider what archival data would best meet their study research questions. What is archival research? Archival research is analyzing previously collected data.

64. archival study There are two approaches to archival research data: analyzing data in hand and meta-analysis. Analyzing data in hand refers to data researchers access through community partnerships, work files, or previous work samples. This data would be primary data. Essentially, this is data already collected and obtained. Meta-analysis is the examination of multiple studies on the same topic already studied in published journals. This data would be secondary data.

65. meta-analysis Another form of archival analysis is meta-analysis. Researchers conducted a meta-analysis by reviewing previous research in order to say something about their hypothesis that others have not. Researchers use published studies in respected journals; people utilize meta-analysis and then draw their conclusions through additional methods. Meta-analysis is beneficial because it is systematic for handling many studies. The methodology allows researchers to examine the effect with greater sophistication. However, meta-analysis can be time-consuming, as one needs to read multiple studies. It is essential to include high-quality studies from reputable sources in the meta-analysis to develop a conclusion.