Experimental Proof of a Nucleus of mass and charge in Photons.pptx

Rarest of the Rare Discovery
The Experiments prove that a photon has a 'Nucleus of Mass and Charge' in an off-centre position.
This explains all the mysterious Quantum Phenomena.

1. EXPERIMENTAL PROOF OF A NUCLEUS OF MASS AND CHARGE IN PHOTONS : DISCOVERY OF THE SMALLEST PARTICLE IN THE WORLD NARENDRA SWARUP AGARWAL INDEPENDENT RESEARCHER

2. RAREST OF THE RARE DISCOVERIES Traditionally, photons have been understood as massless and chargeless particles of energy. However, recent research proves that the photons actually have a tiny nucleus of mass with charge, and the nucleus is not in the centre but in an off-centre position in the photons. This off-centre nucleus is the secret of imparting unique and mysterious characteristics to the photons, a fact that remained unknown for several centuries. Ground breaking experiments conducted by the author, in the Laboratory of Dr. Mukesh Jewariya , Principal Scientist at National Physical Laboratory in New Delhi, have led to the confirmation of the following discoveries by the experiments: Discovery of a Mass as well as Charge in the P hotons.     Discovery of a nucleus in the photons, which is the smallest particle discovered in the world. The size of a nucleus is estimated to be approx. 10 -20 times the size of the photon. Presently, electrons and leptons are considered to be the smallest particles. T he sizes of electrons/leptons and photons may be similar; therefore, the tiny nucleus of a photon is the smallest particle ever discovered. Nucleus of mass and charge in the Photons must be a Fundamental Particle.

3. PHOTONS AND QUANTUM PHENOMENA The photons are quantum particles (subatomic particles) that exhibit mysterious quantum phenomena. Interference of light, a quantum phenomenon, was first observed by Thomas Young in 1801 during his iconic Double Slit Experiment. The Interference phenomenon proved the wave nature of light. For over 200 years, the world remained unaware of the presence of the mystery (a nucleus of mass and charge) hidden in the photons, which is responsible for producing a pattern of bright and dark bands in the Double Slit Experiment. Einstein in 1905 proved the particle nature of light based on the Photoelectric effect. Therefore, the photons display the properties of both the particles as well as the waves, known as Wave-Particle Duality . The puzzle of the dual behaviour of photons could not be solved in more than 100 years. Additionally, there are other quantum phenomena that continue to defy scientific explanation. Only the New Quantum Theory [1], [2], [3] explains the mystery of all the quantum phenomena duly validated by the experiments.

4. NEW QUANTUM THEORY The sun is the nucleus of the solar system and has >99.86% mass of the solar system but occupies only about 10 -20 times the volume of the solar system. An atom has a nucleus with > 99.9% mass of the atom and has a structure similar to the solar system. Based on the analogy with atoms and the sun, the author developed New Quantum Theory [1] in 2012 , now validated with the experiments conducted in CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi. The New Quantum Theory [1], [2], [3] is the first theory to provide a comprehensive explanation for all the mysterious quantum phenomena, including Interference and Wave-Particle Duality etc. This amazing theory offers a unified framework that resolves the mysteries of quantum behaviour for the development and use of quantum technologies. The New Quantum Theory states: ‘ A photon has a nucleus of concentrated mass with concentrated charge in an off-centre position. A quantum particle has one or more nuclei of concentrated mass with concentrated charge in the off-centre positions.’ A ll the quantum phenomena serve as evidence supporting the validity of the New Quantum Theory.

5. A PHOTON WITH ITS OFF-CENTRE NUCLEUS The big sphere shows a nearly spherical photon, and the small red sphere shows a tiny nucleus of concentrated mass with concentrated charge inside the photon, near the centre of the photon. The nucleus is not in the centre of the photon but located in an off-centre position. Drawings are Not to Scale

6. MYSTERY HIDDEN IN THE PHOTONS According to the New Quantum Theory, a photon hides the mystery of a nucleus of concentrated mass with concentrated charge in an off-centre position. Without such a mystery, the photons would be like ordinary particles, with no capability to display any mysterious quantum phenomena. Based on the similarity of the proportionate sizes of the solar system with the sun as its nucleus, as well as an atom with its nucleus , the size of the nucleus in a photon is about 10 -20 times the size of the photon , which is much smaller than the presently known smallest particle. The nucleus of mass and charge in an off-centre position in the photons is one of the most important discoveries of science. The n ucleus of a photon is the smallest particle discovered in the world and must be a fundamental particle.

7. WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY Concentrated mass and charge in the nucleus of the photons are similar to the concentrated mass and charge in a ‘Proton’ of the atoms. As the photon rotates, the concentrated mass in the off-centre nucleus rotates around the centre of the photon. Although the tangential velocity of the rotating mass in the nucleus is constant, its velocities in both the X and Y axes change continuously with the rotation (change in the angular position of the nucleus). The change in velocities develops acceleration/deceleration of the mass to develop variable forces in the Y axis to move the photon (a particle) as a wave. If the polarized photon travels in the X direction, the variable force in the Y axis moves the photon UP and Down in the Y axis to move the photon as a Sinusoidal Wave. Wave-Particle Duality proves the presence of a mass in the photons.

8. PROOF OF MASS IN THE PHOTONS Inertia is the primary property of the mass. A rotating mass develops an inertial force at the contact point with another fixed object. The rotating nucleus of concentrated mass in the off-centre position of the photon develops inertial force at the contact point of the mirror on reflection. The inertial force deviates the rotating photon from its original path after reflection. Experiments of Reflection [3] were performed by the author in the Laboratory of Dr. Mukesh Jewariya , Principal Scientist at National Physical Laboratory in New Delhi , using NPL instruments and team. The polarised monochromatic laser beam from the Michelson Interferometer, after reflection on 4 mirrors, was projected on a screen 22 meters away to view the deviation of the photons at 0 and 90 polarisation angles on the mirrors. This experiment can be repeated in any physics laboratory.

9. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP Monochromatic Laser He-Ne Laser, Wavelength: 632.8 nm Linearly Polarised Power: 2 mW , Make: Melles Griot, USA 2. Michelson Interferometer Make: Sandvik, India 3. Polariser

10. DEVIATION OF THE PHOTONS AT DIFFERENT POLARISATION ANGLES POLARISATION ANGLE 90 POLARISATION ANGLE

11. CONCLUSION OF THE EXPERIMENT OF REFLECTION The little deviation of the rotating photons on reflection proves the following: A photon is nearly a spherical particle having a nucleus of concentrated mass in an off-centre position, which develops an inertial force at the contact point of the reflecting mirror. The inertial force, developed by the concentrated mass in the off-centre nucleus, deviates the photons slightly at the contact point of the mirror on reflection. At 0 polarisation, after 4 reflections on the mirrors, the photons deviate 7 mm in a distance of 22 meters due to the inertial force developed by the off-centre mass in the photons. Therefore, 1.75 mm deviation for one reflection in 22 meters distance corresponds to a 0.004558 degree deviation of the photons per reflection. THIS EXPERIMENT OF REFLECTION PROVES: THE PHOTONS HAVE A NUCLEUS OF CONCENTRATED MASS IN AN OFF-CENTRE POSITION.

12. PROOF OF CHARGE IN THE PHOTONS The variation in the intensities of light from the bright band to the dark band in an experiment of Interference is possible only if the photons are not uniform particles but have some mystery hidden inside. However, since 1801, no one else tried to explore the mystery hidden in the photons, except the author. To prove the presence of a charge in the photons, an experiment [3] was performed using a Michelson Interferometer to produce a fringe of bright and dark bands by the author in the Laboratory of Dr. Mukesh Jewariya , Principal Scientist at National Physical Laboratory in New Delhi . The following setup was used: 1. Monochromatic Laser: He-Ne Laser, Wavelength: 632.8 nm Linearly Polarised Power: 2 mW , Make: Melles Griot, USA 2. Michelson Interferometer: Make: Sandvik, India 3. Camera to view the fringe and connected to a Laptop.

13. ANALYSIS OF THE FRINGE The experiment produced an interference fringe of the bright and dark bands visible on the screen of the Laptop. An image of the fringe with the brightest band was saved on the Laptop. A software processed and analysed the data of the fringe. The next slide shows the fringe produced in the experiment. The following procedure was used for measuring the intensities of light in the interference pattern after every 30 phase difference: The brightest point in the brightest band due to the Constructive Interference is marked by the software and its brightness recorded. The brightest point in the next bright band is spotted and its brightness recorded. The distance between the brightest point in the brightest band and the brightest point in the next bright band is divided into 12 equal parts, and t he brightness of all these points is recorded. The software on the Laptop displayed the graph of the brightness of all these 12 points (equivalent to 30 phase differences between the interfering photons from the Constructive Interference).

14. INTERFERENCE FRINGE Software in the laptop analyzing the intensities Bright and dark bands of light in the bright and dark bands.

15. VARIATION OF INTENSITY OF LIGHT FROM BRIGHTES BAND The Intensity of Light in the brightest band to the darkest band and further to next brightest band (0 to 360 phase difference at 30 interval) are measured and recorded by the software of the Laptop.

16. INTENSITIES OF LIGHT AT 30 PHASE ANGLE RECORDED BY THE LAPTOP S. No. Phase Angle Difference (Degree) Intensity of Light Remarks Net* Intensity of Light 1 229 Brightest Band 223 2 30 204   198 3 60 164   158 4 90 132   126 5 120 88   82 6 150 31   25 7 180 6 Darkest Band with Ambient Light 8 210 13   7 9 240 37   31 10 270 82   76 11 300 139   133 12 330 175   169 13 360 187 2 nd Brightest Band 181 Net Intensity of Light after deducting ambient light measured at the darkest band of light.

17. CONCLUSION OF INTERFERENCE EXPERIMENT The continuous variation in the intensity of light from the brightest band to the next bright band in the fringe produced by the Interference of coherent light proves the following: A photon is nearly a spherical particle with a charge in an off-centre position, responsible for the variation in the intensities of light at different phase angles from 0 to 360 . The resultant intensity of the two coherent interfering photons is the sum of the intensity of the two photons, which depends on the difference in the phase angles of the two photons. Where the phase angles are the angular positions of the nuclei of the two rotating photon. 3. THE EXPERIMENT OF INTRFERENCE OF LIGHT PROVES: THE PHOTONS HAVE A NUCLEUS OF CONCENTRATED CHARGE IN AN OFF-CENTRE POSITION.

18. CONCLUSION OF BOTH EXPERIMENTS A concentrated mass in the off-centre position in the photons is responsible for the deviation of the photons on reflection. Similarly, a concentrated charge in the off-centre position in the photons is responsible for the variation of intensity of light in the fringe of the Interference Experiment. Both the concentrated mass and the concentrated charge coexist in an off-centre nucleus of the photon, the mystery that remained unnoticed in the photons for > two centuries. The above results of the experiments validate the New Quantum Theory and prove: THE PHOTONS HAVE A NUCLEUS OF CONCENTRATED MASS WITH CONCENTRATED CHARGE IN AN OFF-CENTRE POSITION. THIS NUCLEUS IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MYSTERIOUS QUANTUM PHENOMENA.

19. INTERFERENCE OF TWO PHOTONS The concentrated charge in the nucleus rotating around the centre of the photon generates variable electromagnetic forces and electromagnetic waves. The phase angle or phase of a photon indicates the angular position of the nucleus of concentrated mass and concentrated charge in the photon. The intensity of light or the electromagnetic force of a photon, depends on the phase angle of its nucleus, which are the functions of Cos θ where θ is the phase angle of the photon. The intensity of light of the two coherent photons in interference is the sum of the intensities of light produced by the two photons individually. If L lux is the maximum intensity of Photon 1 at a phase angle and Photon 2 with a phase angle θ interferes with Photon 1, the net intensity of light on interference will be: Resultant Intensity of Light: L Cos0 + L Cos θ = L + L Cos θ Lux

20. CONSTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE Net Intensity = L Cos 0 + L Cos 0 = 2L Lux

21. INTERFERENCE WITH PHASE DIFFERENCE OF 90 Net Intensity = L Cos 0 + L Cos 90 = L Lux

22. INTERFERENCE WITH PHASE DIFFERENCE OF 180 Net Intensity = L Cos 0 + L Cos 180 = L - L = 0 (DARK BAND)

23. PROOF OF EXPERIMENTS PERFORMED IN NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY, NEW DELHI

24. REFERENCE FOR THE DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENTS AND THEORY Book published on Amazon on 19 th November, 2024: EXPERIMENTAL PROOF OF A NUCLEUS OF MASS AND CHARGE IN THE PHOTONS https://www.amazon.com/EXPERIMENTAL-PROOF-NUCLEUS-CHARGE-PHOTONS-ebook/dp/B0DNM5YGF1/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2ND9XJAZFIENN&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.pSRQlHYaghRsWUojYRh5Xg.xA6FvCumqc0GVU5mBKAOFq3OziGI12zBGp1E3XG_A_U&dib_tag=se&keywords=experimental+proof+of+mass+and+charge+in+the+photons&qid=1732605243&s=books&sprefix=experimental+proof+of+mass+and+charge+in+the+photons%2Cstripbooks-intl-ship%2C309&sr=1-1

25. PEER-REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS BY NARENDRA SWARUP AGARWAL 2. Agarwal, N.S. (2012) Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 5, 3612-3617. Peer-reviewed by Prof. Gary Bowman of North Arizona University. 3. Agarwal, N.S. (2018) Discovery & Proofs of a Nucleus of Mass and Charge in the Photons/Quantum Particles. Journal of Modern Physics, 9, 2170-2192. https:// doi.org /10.4236/jmp.2018.912137

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