Exploration and Production of Unconventional petroleum resources in India.pptx

Exploration and Production of Unconventional petroleum resources in India.
Coal Bed Methane, Tight gas, Shale Oil and Gas, Gas Hydrates

1. Department of Geology SCHOOL OF NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Paper Name: Fuel Geology Submitted By:- Name: SANTOSH KUMAR MAHATO REG. NO: 23380402011 Semester: 3 rd Submitted To :- Dr. Prashant Modi Assistant professor Deptartment of Geology

2. Exploration and Production of Unconventional Petroleum Resources in India By:- Santosh Kumar Mahato Reg No: 23380402011

3. Contents

4. INTRODUCTION Unconventional Petroleum Resources are types of oil and natural gas that are found in rock formations or reservoirs that require specialized extraction techniques, unlike traditional oil and gas. These resources cannot be extracted using conventional drilling methods because they are trapped in formations with low permeability, making it difficult for the oil or gas to flow naturally to the surface. 4

5. Types of Unconventional Petroleum Resources in India Shale Oil and Gas Coal Bed Methane (CBM) Gas Hydrates

6. Sunday, January 31, 20XX COAL BED METHANE Methane trapped in coal seams

7. Introduction Major CBM-producing basins in India include Raniganj , Jharia , Bokaro , and North Karanpura , located primarily in eastern coal-rich regions. The Raniganj basin is one of the most productive areas for CBM extraction. India has an estimated 92 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of CBM reserves, positioning it as a key player in global CBM production. Major players in India's CBM sector include ONGC , Essar Oil , Reliance Industries , and GEECL (Great Eastern Energy Corporation Ltd). These companies are involved in exploration and production across various CBM blocks .

8. Formation of CBM Biogenic methane is produced by anaerobic bacteria in the early stage of coalification. Thermo-genic methane is mainly during coalification at temperatures of 120-150 degree celcius . CBM don’t migrate from the source rock into the reserviour rock. Coal is the source rock and the reservoir rock. The methane does not occur as free gas in the pore space of coal (only 1- 2 %). Coal can store around 6 to 7 times more methane than the equivalent volume of rock in a conventional reservoir. As the coal is formed, the organic material produces methane gas. The pressure on the coal keeps the methane gas in the coal.

9. Thick, laterally continuous coal seams with adequate maturity. High in place Coal Reserves. Suitable depth (>300 m). High Gas content of Coal. High permeability of Coal. Critical Geological Parameters

10. How is coal bed methane produced ? CBM is produced by removing water pressure which holds CBM in place. Methane that was held in place by water pressure tends to follow the water as it pumped to the surface, where it is captured and transported through pipelines. Fracking fluids are often first injected into the coal bed to break up the coal, making it easier for the water and gas to flow to the surface.

11. Uses of Coal Bed Methane

12. Uses of Coal Bed Methane

13. Shale Oil and Gas Found in shale rock formations and extracted using hydraulic fracturing (fracking).

14. Shale Oil and Gas 14 Major shale oil and gas reserves in India are found in the Cambay Basin , Krishna-Godavari (KG) Basin , Cauvery Basin , and Damodar Valley Basin , which have significant shale formations.

15. Shale Oil and Gas 15 India has initiated exploration activities in these basins, with companies like ONGC and Reliance Industries leading pilot projects, although large-scale commercial production is yet to begin. The extraction of shale oil and gas in India requires advanced techniques such as hydraulic fracturing (fracking) and horizontal drilling to release oil and gas from low-permeability shale formations. India faces significant challenges in shale production, including environmental concerns (water usage and contamination risks), high extraction costs , and regulatory hurdles , slowing the progress of large-scale development.

16. These advanced techniques are essential for successfully exploring and producing shale oil and gas in India 3D seismic imaging is used extensively to map underground shale formations. This technique helps identify areas with potential shale reserves by providing detailed images of subsurface rock structures, essential for targeting the most productive zones. Core drilling is conducted to extract rock samples from deep shale formations. These core samples are analyzed for their composition, organic content, porosity, and permeability, which help determine the shale’s potential for oil and gas production. Hydraulic fracturing is a critical technique used to extract oil and gas from tight shale formations. In this process, water, chemicals, and sand are injected at high pressure to create fractures in the rock, allowing trapped hydrocarbons to flow more freely to the surface. Seismic Surveys Core Drilling and Sample Analysis Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking)

17. Gas Hydrates Gas Hydrate (also known as methane hydrate or clathrate hydrate) is a solid ice-like form of water that contains gas molecules, primarily methane, trapped within its crystalline structure

18. What are Gas Hydrates ? A gas hydrate consists of a water lattice in which light hydrocarbon molecules are embedded resembling dirty ice. Naturally occurring gas hydrates are a form of water ice which contains a large amount of methane within its crystal structure. They are restricted to the shallow lithosphere (2000-4000 m depth). With pressurization, they remain stable at temperature up to 18 degree celcius . The average hydrate composition is 1 mole of methane for every 5.75 moles of water. The observed density is around 0.9 g/cm 3.

19. Formation Conditions They form under specific conditions of low temperature (generally below 25°C) and high pressure (greater than 5 MPa or around 50 atm). These conditions are typically found in deep ocean sediments or under the Arctic permafrost

20. Current Exploration of Gas hydrates in India Currently, India’s Oil Ministry and the US Geological Survey made the discovery of large, highly enriched accumulations of natural gas hydrate – an icy form of the fuel – in the Bay of Bengal. In 2016 ONGC has struck a gas reserve in the form of hydrates in the Krishna- Godavari basin of the Andhra coast.

21. Conclusion Strategic Importance : Unconventional petroleum resources like shale gas, CBM, tight oil, and gas hydrates hold immense potential to enhance India's energy security and reduce dependency on imports Current Progress : While there has been steady progress in CBM production, large-scale commercial production of shale oil, gas hydrates, and other resources is still in early stages, requiring further technological advancement. Key Challenges : Overcoming technical difficulties, high production costs, environmental concerns, and infrastructure limitations are essential for unlocking the full potential of these unconventional resources.

22. Conclusion Government Role : The Indian government’s supportive policies, such as the HELP and DSF frameworks, along with tax incentives and foreign investment opportunities, are crucial to driving exploration and production efforts. Future Outlook : With the right combination of policy support, investment, and technological innovation, unconventional resources can play a pivotal role in India's transition to a diversified and sustainable energy future.

23. References Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH) – India Website: https://www.dghindia.gov.in Provides detailed information on exploration policies, ongoing projects, and data on unconventional resources like CBM and shale gas in India. Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India Website: https://petroleum.nic.in Official source for policies, regulations, and government initiatives supporting unconventional oil and gas exploration in India. Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP) Available at: https://www.ppac.gov.in This document outlines the HELP framework, which encourages investment in unconventional resources. India's Coal Bed Methane (CBM) Policy, 1997 Overview available on: https://coal.nic.in A reference for understanding the policies that support CBM exploration and production in India. International Energy Agency (IEA) – Shale Gas and Unconventional Gas Report Available at: https://www.iea.org Provides global context on unconventional resource development, including India’s role and potential.