Extension Approaches in Extension Teaching Methods

Extension Approaches

1. AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND COMMUNICATION RYAN PAUL C. CAALEM, LPT, RA

2. Approaches in Extension

3. Three Terms of Approaches in extension Approaches Method Technique 3

4. Approaches Embraces the entire spectrum of the process. It states a point of view, a philosophy, an article of faith. Within an approach, there can be several methods. An approaches is an enlightened viewpoint toward teaching/ technology promotion. It provides philosophy and orientation to the whole process of techniques /techno promotion where the selection of a method is just a part of it 4

5. Method It is procedural consisting of a series of actions arranged logically for the smooth operation of a particular teaching task or techno promotion. Method is the procedure or step by step way by guiding perspective Clients or Adopters and knowing trying and adopting specific technology 5

6. It is implemental, having an immediate applicability to the EW/teacher owning to its specificity, feasibility and convenience to the one using it. 6 Technique

7. Extension Approach An Extension Approach is an organized and coherent combination of strategies and methods, designed to make rural extension effective in a certain area designed to make rural extension effective in a certain area. *embodies the philosophy of a system * spells the doctrine of the system *style of action which by and large, determines the direction and nature/style of the various aspects of the system (e.g., structure, leadership, program, methods, resources and linkages) 7

8. EXTENSION APPROACHES 1. General Agricultural Extension Approach 2. Commodity Specialized Approach 3. Project Approach 4. Farming Systems Development Approach 5. Training and Visit System Approach 6. The Cost-Sharing Approach 7. Agricultural Extension Participatory Approach 8. Educational Institution Approach 9. Mass Approach 10. Single-Purpose Approach 11. Community Approach 12. Area Approach 13. Integrated Approach 8

9. a. General Nature: Transfer of Technology (TOT) b. Basic Assumption: Technology and information are available but are not being used by the farmers. If these could be communicated to farmers, farm practices would be improved. 1. General Agricultural Extension Approach (GAE) c. Purpose: To help farmers increase their production. d. Program Planning: Controlled by government Changes in priority, from time to time are made on a national basis with freedom for local adaptation. e. Implementation: Carried by a large field staff assigned throughout country Demonstration plots are major techniques. 9

10. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES f. Advantages: Interpret national government policies and procedures to the local people; covers the whole nation: relatively rapid communication from the ministry level to rural people. g. Advantages: Lacks two-way flow of communication. Fails to adjust extension messages to different localities. Field staff not accountable to rural people. Expensive and inefficient. 10 h. Measure of Success : Increase in national production of commodities being emphasized in national program.

11. 2. Commodity Specialized Approach (CSA) a. General Nature: Highly specialized Focuses on one export crop or one aspect of farming b. Basic Assumption: The way to increase productivity and production of a particular commodity is to concentrate on that one grouping extension with such other functions as research, input supply, output marketing, credit, and sometimes price control, will make the whole system productive. 11 c. Purpose: Increase production of a particular commodity Sometimes to increase utilization of a particular agricultural input d. Program Planning Controlled by commodity organization e. Implementation : Carried by a large field staff assigned throughout the country Demonstration plots are major techniques

12. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES f. Advantages: Technology tends to "fit" the production problems and so extension messages tend to be appropriate because of coordination with research and marketing people, messages tend to be delivered in a timely manner Focus on a narrow range of technical concerns Higher salary incentives. Focus on narrow range of technical concerns Higher salary incentives Closer management and supervision Fewer farmers per extension worker easier to monitor and evaluate Relatively more cost effective. g. Disadvantages: Interests of farmers may have less priority than those of commodity organization. Does not provide advisory service to other aspects of farming. Commodity organization maybe promoting its commodity even in situations where it is no longer in the national interest to be increasing production of that particular commodity. 12 h. Measure of Success : Increase in yield and total production of the crops being emphasized .

13. 3. The Project Approach (PA) a. General Nature: Fixed period of time, large funding b. Basic Assumption: Better results can be achieved in a particular location, during a specified time period, with large infusion of outside resources, high impact activities, carried out under artificial circumstances, will have some continuity after outside financial support is no longer available. 13 c. Purpose: To demonstrate, within project area, what can be accomplished on a relatively short period of time To test the validity of alternative extension method d. Program Planning: Controlled by outsiders, we general government, the donor agency or some combination . e. Implementation : Flow of good ideas from the project to areas outside the project Includes a project management staff, project allowances for field staff, better transportation, facilities, equipment and housing than regular government programs.

14. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES f. Advantages: Focus enables evaluation of effectiveness and sometimes "quick results" for a foreign donor. Novel techniques and methods can be treated and experimented with within the limits of the project. g. Disadvantages: Usually too short time period. Money provided tends to be more than what is appropriate. Double standards. When money ends, project extension programs most often end also. 14 h. Measure of Success : Increase in yield and total production of the crops being emphasized .

15. 4. The Farming Systems Development Approach (FSDA) a. General Nature: Interdisciplinary approach, i.e., involves scientific discipline b. Basic Assumption: Technology which fits the needs of farmers particularly the small farmers, is not available and needs to be generated locally 15 c. Purpose: To provide extension persons, and through their farm people, with research results tailored to meet the needs and interests of local farming systems conditions d. Program Planning Evolve slowly during the process for different climatic farm ecosystem types since program takes it account a holistic approach to the plants, animals, and the people in each particular location . Control of program shared jointly by local farm men and women , extension people and agricultural researchers . e. Implementation : Through partnership of research and extension personnel with the local people, taking a systems approach to the farm Requires research personnel to go to the farm, listen to farmers and in collaboration with them and the extension personnel, understand the farm as a system.

16. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES f. Advantages: Local control of program planning increases relevance of program content and methods to needs and interests of clientele Higher adoption rates Effective communication between local people and extension personnel Lower cost to central government and local people Lower costs to central government and local people. g. Disadvantages: Some degree of difficulty in working in a multi disciplinary team No quick results in development of appropriate technology 16 h. Measure of Success : Extent to which farm people adopt technologies developed in the program and continue to use them over time .

17. 5. The Training and Visit Approach (T &V) a. General Nature: Highly disciplined and patterned with fixed schedules for training of extension workers, SMSs, and visits by extension workers to farmers. b. Basic Assumption: Extension personnel poorly trained, not up-to-date and tend not to visit farmers, but stay in offices. Management and supervision is not adequate. Two-way communication between research and extension units and between extension staff and farmers can be achieved. 17 c. Purpose: • To induce farmers to increase production of specified crops. d. Implementation : Fortnightly training of village extension workers (VEW) by SMSs. Fortnightly visits by village extension workers to small groups of farmers or to individual "contact" farmers.

18. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES f. Advantages: Pressure on governments to organize a large number of small agricultural units into one integrated system. Brings discipline to the system village extension workers become more up-to-date with information. Closer technical supervision. g. Disadvantages: High long-term costs to governments due to size of VEWS expanding. Lack of actual two-way communication. Technology relevant to farmers not integrated. Lack of flexibility to change programs as needs and interests of farmers change staff tires of vigorous, patterned activities without appropriate rewards. 18 h. Measure of Success : Increase in yield and total production of the crops being emphasized .

19. 6. The cost-sharing approach (CSA) a. Basic Assumption: Any non – formal education program is more likely to achieve its goals it those who benefit from it share some part of the cost. Program would more likely serve interest of the clients if costs are shared between “outside” sponsors and “inside” target groups. Commitment of learners to participate if they pay some part of the cost. 19 c. Purpose: To make funding of agricultural extension affordable and sustainable both at central and local levels. d. Program Planning Shared by various levels paying the host but must be responsive to local interests in order to maintain cooperative financial arrangement s.

20. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES f. Advantages: Some measure of local control of program planning increases relevance of program content and methods to need of clients. Higher adoption rates. Effective communication between local people and extension worker. Lower cost of central government and local people. Local people tend to have strong voice in program planning. g. Disadvantages: More difficult for central government to control either program or personnel 20 h. Measure of Success : F arm people's willingness and ability to prove some share of the cost, individually or through their local government units .

21. 7. Participatory Approach a. General Nature: Puts responsibility of determining agricultural extension programs in the hand of farmers making them partners with GOs and NGOs. b. Basic Assumption: The farming people have much wisdom regarding food production from their land. There is IKS different from the scientific knowledge system but there is much to be gained from the interaction of the two . Needed is participation of farmers, research and related service. There is a reinforcing effect in group learning and group action. Extension efficiency is gained by focusing on important points based on expressed needs of farmers . 21 c. Purpose: To increase production of farming people, increase consumption and enhance the quality of life or rural people. d. Program Planning Controlled locally often by farmers association. e. Implementation : Features meeting and discussions of farmers problem. Exploring situations with extension officers .

22. ADVANTAGE S & DISADVANTAGE S f. Advantages: Relevance or fit of the program. Mutually supportive relationship which develop among participants. Lesser cost. Stimulates increased awareness, confidence, and activity among farm people g. Disadvantages: Lack of control of program from central government Difficulty of managing , reporting and accounting Pressure people might bring on central units People influenced on personnel management like transfer , selection, promotion etc. 22 h. Measure of Success : Continuity of local extension organisations and the benefits to the community . Extent of participation of key stakeholders in programme planning and implementation

23. 8. Educational Institution Approach Extension is done by academic institution. Agricultural education have technical knowledge relevant to the farm . Provide opportunity for student and faculty interact with farmers and experience actual agriculture. Generally controlled by those who design the curriculum of the educational institution. 23

24. 9. Mass Approach If an extension agency utilizes the mass approach, the target adopters of technology are the mass of people whose identify, and number are unknown. It utilizes strategies and methods that can reach a great number of people in a short period of time like print or broadcast media. 24

25. 10. Single-Purpose Approach The extension agency as the initiator of technology promotion is promoting a single technology. As the name implies the promotion is single purpose ( one product, practice, equipment ). They use different methods and strategies but focus on the number of products being sold or disposed 25

26. 11. Community Approach The local political structure spearheads and play active role in designing the development program. The local development councils at barangay, municipal, city levels are mobilized as planning bodies. Using the IRA (Internal Revenue Unit) and other funding sources. Various social institution such as school, church, market, family are involved in the development. 26

27. 12. Area Approach The target is categorized by regions. It can be categorized according to ecological zones. An extension agency introduces different technologies according to the needs and source of the Area 27

28. 13. Integrated Approach The program put together the services of various agencies to implement a particular approach. They share resources, agree on common goals and approaches. 28

29. Transfer of Technology Approach (TOT) model is based on the assumption that the transfer of technology and knowledge from scientist to farmers will trigger development . Researcher’s task to identify, analyze and solve farmers’ technical problems . Solutions have normally been developed at research stations . Results will be translated as messages to farmers via extension worker, who is the link between researcher and farmers.

30. Participatory Technology Development (PTD) is essentially a process of purposeful and creative interaction between the villagers and outside facilitators. Partners try to increase their understanding on the main traits and dynamics of agro - ecological systems, to define priority problems and to experiment locally with variety of technological “options”. Main aim of PTD is enhancing the local capacity to analyze on going processes and to develop relevant and feasible technological innovations suited to the local condition.

31. EXTENSION TEACHING METHODS

32. What is Extension Teaching Methods? Extension Teaching Methods may be defined as the devices used to create situations in which communication can take place between the instructor and the learner or te acher and student or Extension worker and the rural people .

33. Definition of Important Concepts Teaching - is the process of transmitting ideas, information, technologies from one person to another with the intent of enhancing and modifying the learner's, knowledge, attitude and skill. Method - refers to the systematic procedure employed by extension worker in getting the vital information across the client learners. Techniques - refers to the art or skill of performance. The extension worker's teaching techniques spell the success or failure of the methods employed. Device is a "little method". It is a teaching aid or a tool use to facilitate instruction.

34. V TECHNIQUES METHOD TEACHING DEVICE

35. Factors to consider in the choice of teaching method to use 1. Human factors 2. The objectives 3. Subject matter 4. Available materials and facilities 5. Time consideration 6. Available budget support

36. Classification of The Extension Teaching Methods An effective extension worker is one who reaches out to as many rural families as he can, promoting information and technologies which can serve as alternative options for them to improve their way of farming and living.

37. Extension teaching methods may be broadly into three, namely; 1. INDIVIDUAL METHODS 2. GROUP METHODS 3. MASS MEDIA METHODS

38. INDIVIDUAL METHODS - which include the farm and home visit, office call telephone, cellphone, text messaging, letters, and result demonstration.

39. Farm and home visit - involves interpersonal interaction between the extension worker and clientele either in the farm or home of the later. Office call - this is the reverse of the farm and home visit as the clientele is the one who goes to the extension office to seek for technical assistant from extension worker. Telephone/cellphone/text messaging - this method is the reverse both farm/home visit and office call as it lack the personal or face to face contact between the clientele and extension worker.

40. Letters - as an extension worker can also make use of a business in transmitting important information. Result demonstration - this is a method of teaching that usually conducted in the farmers field involving of the cooperation of a selected cooperator whereby a component technology or a recommended practice is demonstrated side by side with an existing practice.

41. GROUP METHODS - like lecture, meetings method demonstration, group discussion, field trips or lakbay-aral , seminar, conference, role playing, achievement days and farmer field school.

42. Lecture - is a prepared oral presentation on a given subject by a trainer or a resource person while the audience is usually passive, i.e., Simply taking notes or just listening. Meetings - is a gathering of the officers and members of an organized group, or a group of intended clientele with the extension worker for a definite purpose. Method demonstration - this method emphasizes the principle of "learning by doing". It is easy to learn things if the extension worker not only "tell how" but also "show how" the skill is being done.

43. Field trip/ Lakbay-aral - is a planned and guided visit of a group of participants to a specific site or sites for the purpose of obtaining first-hand information about an organization and its services and products. Seminar - a meeting whereby a group of advanced students studying under a professor with each doing original research and all exchanging results through reports and discussions. Conference - is a meeting of individuals, preferably a small number usually in a round table situation, who meet for a specific purpose. Role playing - methods from adopting roles from real life other than those being played by the person concerned and understanding the dynamic of those roles.

44. Group discussion - is an activity where a group of 3 to 10 people meet together to discuss informally but deliberately a topic of mutual concern usually under the guidance of a leader . Achievement days - as the term suggests is held to give public recognition to worthwhile accomplishments of the extension office, farmers cooperator and the like. Farmer field school (FFS) - is a season long event conducted in the field wherein the farmers are encouraged to explore and discover themselves new technologies options in a systematic manner and to make decisions based on their own learnings.

45. MASS MEDIA METHODS - Such as radio, television, print media, fairs, field days and exhibits.

46. Print media - included under the printer media are the different publications produced such as brochures, leaflet, information bulletins, newspaper, circulars, wall newspapers, comics used to disseminate technologies and other valuable information to intended clienteles.

47. 1. Poster 2. Leaflets 3. Circular letters 4. Newspaper 5. Primer 6. Brochures 7. Booklets To avoid confusion, the different publications can be described as the follow; 8. Handouts 9. Newsletter 10. Factsheets 11. Photo novel 12. Wall Newspaper 13. Flyers 14. Bulletin

48. Poster – are useful publicizing forthcoming events and reinforcing messages that farmers receive through other media. They should be displayed in prominent places where a lot of people regularly pass by. The most effective posters carry a simple message, catch people’s attention and are east to interpret. Leaflets – summarize the main points of a talk or demonstration, provide detailed information that would not be remembered simply by hearing it, such as fertilizer application rates or names of seed varieties. It is a single sheet printed material containing brief information that is not necessarily a step-by-step procedural instructions to follow but is also needed by the farmers . It may bear on both sides and may be folded . Circular letters – are used to publicise local extension activities, to give timely information on local farm problems and to summarise results of demonstrations so that the many farmers who cannot attend them may still benefit .

49. Newspapers – are not widely available in rural areas. However, local leaders often read newspapers and a regular column on agricultural topics is useful to create awareness of new ideas and to inform people of what other groups or communities are doing . This provides available channel for transmission of educational information . Primer – is a pamphlet or more than four pages containing essential information on a technology package. Essentially, this is in the popular or layman's level . Brochure – thin , unbound book containing a specific topic , more detailed than a leaflet. Booklet – consist of up to 20 pages joined at the spine, longer than a brochure . Handout s – supplemental to lectures contain some topics or important information discussed in the lecture . Newsletter – a regularly issued publication, keeps people abreast to what is happening in their field of interest.

50. Factsheet – contains useful information or instructions about a specific subject matter ; one-page, continuous publication . Photo novel – generic for printed material in comics format ; including illustrations and text ; a subtle way of putting a message where in a development message is incorporated in the story . Wall newspaper – this material is similar size and appearance t o poster. One difference though is that the world newspaper usually attempts to communicate more than one idea and has more illustrations. Usually, it is posted at busy and strategically located bulletin boards or walls or reading centres, schools or barangay halls . Flyers – is a single sheet printed material summarising information on technology package or component technology. It bears illustrations and brief text, preferably in the audience dialects. It is used as reference for further technical assistance and for use as advanced handout information. It bears print only on one side. Bulletin – is a semi technical publication on a package of technology intended for extension worker .

51. Broadcast media - radio and television are included under this section. Radio is a presentation medium which basically makes use of the audio mode in disseminating information simultaneously to thousand or even millions of potential receivers. Television adds another dimension to the capability of radio, i.e. One does not only hear but can also see the event, object or the person disseminating the information. Exhibits - can be regarded as a public display of technologies, innovations, products or even services available to the farmers, fisherfolks, entrepreneurs, in particular and the public, in general.