Extraction

The conventional method of extraction, a recent advanced method of extraction, choice of solvents, successive and exhaustive extraction.

1. Under guidence: Dr.Salma Khanam
Presented by: Abhishek Kr Pandey
Department:Pharmacognosy
Class:1
st
Semester M-PHARM

2. 
Importantanceof extraction

Basic principle of extraction

pre-extraction operations

Solvents used for extraction

Choice of solvents

Method of extraction of Phyto-constituents: non specific type

Specific phyto-constituent method of extraction

Advanced method of extraction

Successive extraction & exhaustive extraction

3. 
Definition:

It is the process of isolation of soluble material from insoluble residue, which may be liquid/
solid by the treatment with the solvent. On the basis of the physical nature of crude drug to be
extracted, that is liquid/ solid the extraction process may be liquid liquid/ solid –liquid
extraction.

IMPORTANCE OF EXTRACTION

As a part of biosynthesis studies

Biochemical studies

Chemotaxonomic studies

Ecological studies

Phytochemical studies

Pharmacological studies

Plant tissue culture studies

As a part of formulation

4. 
Mass transfer

equilibrium setup between solution inside the cell
wall & the free solution.

5. 
Quality & nature of drug

Degree of comminution

Moisture content of drugs

Nature & volume of solvents

Mixing ratios

Processes of solution from disintegrated cells

Processes of solution from intact cells

Imbibition of drugs

Speed of establishment of equilibrium

6. 1.Selection, collection &
identification of plant
material
2. Drying of the crude
drugs
3. Comminution &
classification
•Medicinal
leaves &
herbs
b) Roots &
barks
c) Seeds &
fruits
7&
d) Other
drug plant
materials

7. 
Criteria to be considered for the choice of solvents:

Selectivity

Ease of handling

Economy

Protection of the environment & safety

8. 
CHCL
3,
methanol, CH
2
Cl
2
are usually the solvents of choice in a preliminary
extraction of a plant part. Its impurities may react with some compounds as
in case of certain alkaloids, quaternary salts & other products

Azeotropic mixtures:represent a special type of
mixture. These are mixture of 2/ more liquids which
boil at a temperature characteristic of the mixture. i.e.
the components area present in the vapour in the same
relative concentration as they are in the liquid. Hence,
they are separated by distillation/ rectification

10. Sl.
no
compoundSolventsused Purpose
1. AlkaloidsCHCl
3,
dichloromethaneAqueousmedia •Freebase,formsare
solubleinorganic
solvents.
•Ifitissaltformitis
watersoluble
2. Carotenoid
s
a)Hydrocarbons
Pet.ether
a)Oxygenated
forms
Alcohol,
ketone,
aldehyde
•Theformergroupsareless
polarcanbeextractedinto
pet.Ether.
•Morepolarextractedinto
ethanol
3. Fixedoils,
fats&
waxes
Lightpetroleumether,
hexane
•Non-polarinnature&
canbeextracted
4. glycosidesAcetone,ethanol,
methanol, water/
mixtures
•Duetothepresenceof
one/sugarmoietyinthe
molecule.

11. 
N-hexane

Benzene

Toluene

Chloroform

Carbon tetrachloride

Methanol

Ethanol

N-propanol

acetone

12. Non specific type of
extraction/ solvent
method of extraction
Specific type of extraction
Advanced method of
extraction/ non solvent
method

13. 1
.maceration 2.digestion
3.vorical/
turbo
extractio
n
4.
ultrasound
extraction
5
. extraction
by electric
energy
6.
percolati
on &
percolati
on
7
. soxhlation
8. infusion/
decoction

17. Extraction of volatile
oils/essential oil
Enfleurage: --volatile
oil from flowers
Expression method of
extraction
Distilllationwith
water
Hydro-steam
distillation
Direct-steam
distillation
Distillation
perse

20. •Microwave
treatment
2.
super
critical fluid
extraction
3.
fractionation
4.
counter
current
extraction

21. Difference between successive &
exhaustive method of extraction
Successiveextraction Exhaustiveextraction
Multiplesolventsareusedinthe
increasingorderofpolarity
Singlesolventisused
Multiplecomponentsofdifferent
solubilityareextracted
Singlecomponentisextracted
untilexhaustionofthe
component.
Beforecarryouttheextraction
withothersolventwehaveto
ensurethemarcisdriedand
freeofpreviouslyusedsolvent
Sincesamesolventisusedno
needofdryingthemarc
Objectiveofthemethodto
knowthetypesofconstituent
presentinit
Themainobjectivehereisto
exactquantityofsingle
componentpresentinit.

22. 1.
Dr.pulokk. Mukherjee, quality control of herbal drugs, business
horizons pharmacyticalpublishers, 4
th
edition, pg( 379-422)
2.
Dr.vinodD. rangari, pharmacognosy & phytochemistry volume –1,
career publications, 3
rd
edition, pg( 56-70), pg(326-328)
3.
BirenShah, A.K SETH, pharmacognosy & phytochemistry, published
by Elsevier, 1
st
edition, pgno.( 407-416)
4.
TREASE & EVANS, pharmacognosy, published by w. c saunders, 15
th
edition pg( 135)
5.
S.L DEORE, S.S. KHADABADI, B.A. BAVISKAR, pharmacognosy &
phytochemistry a comprehensive apprproach, published by pharma
med press, chapter 15, pg( 481-509)

23. Thank you