Eye of goat

PRAY FOR ME

1. REPRESENTED TO: DR. ZEESHAN AKBAR BY: FAISAL SHAHZAD 14-ARID-2022 Eye of goat

2. ANATOMY Of EYE GOAT

3. The eye or organ of vision usually it comprises of; The eyeball or globe of the eye ( Bulbus oculi ) The optic nerve Certain accessory organs The accessory organs are; Orbital fasciae and muscles The eyelids and conjunctiva, and The lacrimal apparatus 3 Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112 Eye:

4. The bony walls of the orbit have been described in connection with the skull; the peri- orbita , a fibrous membrane which encloses the eyeball together with its muscles, vessels, and nerves may be appropriately included in the account of the fasciae 4 Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112 Connection with skull:

5. The eyelids, upper and lower are movable folds of skin situated in front of the eyeball. The upper lid more movable than the lower one, and its free interval between the lids is termed the palpebral fissure The ends of the fissure are the angles/ comissures , and are distinguished as medial or nasal, and lateral or temporal 5 Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112 Eyelids or Conjunctiva:

6. The third eyelid is situated at the medial angle of the eye. It consists of a semi-lunar fold of the conjunctiva, known as the membrana nictitans , which covers and partly encloses a curved plate of hyaline cartilage. Its marginal part is thin and usually more or less pigmented. The deep part is narrower and thicker and is embedded in fat at the inner side of the eyeball 6 Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112 Cont...

7. The skin of the eyelids is thin and freely movable, except near the free edge, where it is more firmly attached. The underlying subcutaneous tissue is composed of fat. The muscular layer consists chiefly of the elliptical bundles of the orbicularis oculi , with which are associated fibers of the supercilii in the upper lid and the malaris in the lower lid. 7 Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112 Cont...

8. At the medial side there is a fibrous band, the palpebral ligament , which is attached to the lacrimal tubercle and provides origin to some fibres of the orbicularis . 8 Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112 Cont...

9. At the medial commissure a bundle detached from the orbicularis passes inward behind the lacrimal sac, and is known as the pars lacrimalis (Horner's muscle) At the lateral side the fibrous layer is thicker and denser along the free edge of the lid, forming here the tarsus. The tarsus provides insertion to a layer of unstriped muscle known as the tarsal muscle . The tarsal glands ( Glandulse tarsales ) are partly embedded in the deep face of the tarsus. 9 Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112 Cont...

10. The conjunctiva is the mucous membrane which lines the lids as palpebral conjunctiva (C. palpebrarum ), and is reflected upon the anterior part of the eyeball as bulbar conjunctiva (C. bulbi ); the line of reflection is termed the fornix conjunctiva . 10 Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112 Cont...

11. there is a rounded pigmented prominence known as the lacrimal caruncle about the size of a small pea , and is covered modified skin, connected with that of the medial commissure, from which project a number of hairs provided with sebaceous glands . slit-like opening, the pictum lacrimal, which is the entrance to the lacrimal duct . 11 Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112 Lacrimal Caruncle:

12. It is composed of: Lacrimal Gland Which secretes lacrimal fluid Excretory ducts of gland The pimcta lacrimalia are the entrances to the two lacrimal ducts . Lacrimal ducts Canaliculi Lacrimal sac Naso -lacrimal duct Which receive fluid & convey it to nostrils 12 Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112 Lacrimal Apparatus:

13. The anterior margin bears stiff hairs termed the cilia (eyelashes). On the upper lid the cilia are long and numerous except at its medial third, where they are very small or absent. On the lower lid the cilia are often scarcely distinguish-able from the ordinary hairs 13 Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112 Cilia or Eyelashes: Cilia

14. Sensory Nerves branches of the ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminus . Motor Nerves Orbicularis oculi , supercilii , and malaris come from the facial nerve 14 Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112 Nerves:

15. The straight muscles of the eyeball and the oblique muscles in part are enclosed in fibrous sheaths Superficial fascia (Thin) Deep fascia Fascia bulbi (cover the posterior part of eyeball) Levator palpebrae superioris Muscles of the eyeball are seven in number—four straight, two oblique, and a retractor 15 Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112 The Orbital Fascia & Ocular Muscles

16. Obliquus dorsalis s. Superior (longest and narrowest of the ocular muscles) Obliquus ventralis s. Inferior (wide and much shorter than the recti ) Retractor oculi (Surround the optic nerve) 16 Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112 Oblique & retractor Muscles:

17. Rectus dorsalis s. superior Rectus ventralis s. inferior Rectus medialis Rectus lateralis They are all band-like arise close together around the optic foramen diverge as they pass forward to the eyeball. 17 Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112 Straight Muscles:

18. situated in the anterior part of the orbital cavity protected in front by the eyelids and conjunctiva, and in its middle by the complete orbital ring related behind to the fascia bulbi , fat, and ocular muscles. form approximately a sphere composed of the segments of two spheres of different sizes 18 Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112 The Eyeball ( Bulbus oculi ):

19. forms the anterior fifth of the fibrous tunic transparent colorless non-vascular oval in outline anterior surface is convex central part is termed the vertex comeae . posterior surface ( Facies posterior) is concave The margin ( Limbus corneae ) joins the sclera cornea is thinnest at the vertex 19 Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112 Cornea:

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22. The retina or nervous tunic of the eyeball is a delicate membrane which extends from the entrance of the optic nerve to the margin of the pupil. consists of three parts large posterior part pars ciliaris retinae Pars iridica retinae optic papilla (Papilla nervi optici ) area centralis retinae 22 Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112 The Retina:

23. pigmented epithelium (Stratum pigmenti retinae ) arteria centralis retinae anastomotic branches from the short ciliary arteries veins accompany the arteries except in the capillary plexuses; their walls consist merely of a layer of endothelial cells, around which are a lymph-channel and sheath. 23 Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112 Cont...

24. anterior chamber posterior chamber The chambers are filled by the aqueous humor clear fluid which consists of about 98% of water, with a little sodium chlorid and traces of albumin and extractives. It is carried off chiefly through the spaces in the zonula ciliaris ( suspensory ligament of the lens) into the plexus venosus sclerae . 24 Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112 Chambers Of The Eye:

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26. vitreous body is a semifluid transparent substance situated between the crystalline lens and the retina In front it presents a deep cavity, the fossa hyaloidea , which fits the posterior surface of the lens vitreous stroma vitreous humor The surface is covered by a condensation of the stroma known as the hyaloid membrane 26 Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112 Refractive Media Of The Eyeball:

27. crystalline lens is a biconvex Equator of the lens is almost circular Anterior surface is convex Posterior surface is much more strongly curved than the anterior The central points of the surfaces are the anterior and posterior poles and the line which connects them is the axis of the lens zonula ciliaris is suspensory ligament of the lens 27 Tehseen Anwar 13-Arid-1112 Cont...