Eye_visual system [all about eye].......

Study of eye

1. EYE VISUAL SYSTEM

2. GENERAL TERMS OPTHOMOLOGY OPTHOMOLOGIST OPTOMETRIST ANATOMY& PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE PATHOLOGY/DISEASES MEDICAL TERMINOLOGIES& ABBREVIATIONS ICD AND CPT CODES SYNOPSIS

3. EYE Eye is one of the most important sense organs which enables us to see the world. The study of structure, disease and refractive errors associated with the eyes is known as opthalmology . A physician who specializes in the area of study is known as an ophthalmologist. A licensed medical professional who specialize in the examination of the eyes and diagnosis ,correction of refractive errors through the use of corrective lense is optometrist

4. EYE

5. ANATOMY OF EYE The External Structure of an Eye The parts of the eye that are visible externally include the following:- Sclera:  It is a white visible portion . It is made up of dense connective tissue and protects the inner parts. Conjunctiva:  It lines the sclera and is made up of stratified squamous epithelium. It keeps our eyes moist and clear and provides lubrication by secreting mucus and tears. Cornea:  It is the transparent, anterior or front part of our eye, which covers the pupil and the iris. The main function is to refract the light along with the lens. Iris:  It is the pigmented, coloured portion of the eye , visible externally. The main function of the iris is to control the diameter of the pupil according to the light source. Pupil:  It is the small aperture located in the centre of the Iris . It allows light to enter and focus on the retina.

6. ANATOMY OF EYE Three different layers: The external layer, formed by the sclera and cornea. The intermediate layer, divided into two parts: anterior ( iris and ciliary body) and posterior (choroid). The internal layer, or the sensory part of the eye, the retina.

7. INTERNAL COMPONENTS OF AN EYE The Internal Structure of an Eye Lens: It is a transparent, biconvex, lens of an eye. The lens is attached to the ciliary body by ligaments. The lens along with the cornea refracts light so that it focuses on the retina . Retina: It is the innermost layer of the eye. It is light sensitive and acts as a film of a camera. Optic nerve: It is located at the posterior portion of the eyes. The optic nerves carry all the nerve impulses from the retina to the human brain for perception. Aqueous Humour : It is a watery fluid present between the cornea and the lens . It nourishes the eye and keeps it inflated. Vitreous Humour : it is a transparent, jelly-like substance present between the lens and the retina. It contains water (99%) , collage, proteins, etc.

8. What are the types of refractive errors? There are 4 common types of refractive errors : Nearsightedness (myopia) makes far-away objects look blurry Farsightedness (hyperopia) makes nearby objects look blurry Astigmatism can make far-away and nearby objects look blurry or distorted Presbyopia makes it hard for middle-aged and older adults to see things up close TYPES OF REFRACTIVE ERRORS

9. Myopia Hyperopia Astigmatism REFRACTIVE ERRORS

10. PATHOLOGY Glaucoma is a common eye condition where the optic nerve , which connects the eye to the brain, becomes damaged . It's usually caused by fluid building up in the front part of the eye, which increases pressure inside the eye . A cataract is a cloudy area in the lens of your eye (the clear part of the eye that helps to focus light)

11. Anisocoria - condition characterized by an unequal size of the eyes' pupils Xanthopsia – everything apears to be yellow PATHOLOGY OF EYE

12. Age-related macular degeneration Group of conditions that include deterioration of the macula, resulting in a loss of sharp central vision. Allergic conjunctivitis Hypersensitivity of the conjunctiva (membrane covering white of eyes and inner lids) to foreign substances. PATHOLOGY

13. Pathology Abrasion, corneal abrasion. Injury. Scraped area of corneal surface; accompanied by loss of superficial tissue (epithelium). Diabetic retinopathy Spectrum of retinal changes accompanying long-standing diabetes mellitus.

14. Dilated pupil Enlarged pupil, resulting from contraction of the dilator muscle or relaxation of the iris sphincter Diplopia double vision. Functional defect. Perception of two images from one object; images may be horizontal, vertical or diagonal. PATHOLOGY

15. . Diopter (D) (di-AHP-tur). Unit of measure. Unit to designate the refractive power of a lens, or the degree of light convergence or divergence. LASIK (LAY- sik ). Surgical procedure. Acronym: Laser in Situ Keratomileusis , also Laser Assisted Intrastromal Keratoplasty . Ocular hypertension – excessively high intra ocular pressure Pink eye – contagious conjunctivitis Retinitis – inflammation of the retina Strabismus – unable to focus on a particular point Trachoma – infectious disease caused by the organism chlamydia trachomatis PATHOLOGY

16. dIA Ophthalmoscopy - Visual examination of the interior of the eye Tonometry (ton/o = tension) - measures intraocular pressure to detect glaucoma Visual acuity test - Clarity of vision is assessed - Snellen chart Visual field test - Measurement of the area (peripheral and central) within which objects are seen when the eyes are fixed, looking straight ahead without movement of the head Diagnostic Procedures

17. Diagnostic Procedures

18. AMD-Age-related Macular Degeneration HEENT-Head Eyes Ears Nose Throat LASIK-Laser Insitu Keratomileusis OD-Right Eye OS-Left Eye OU-Both Eyes VA-Visual Acuity VF-Visual Field L&A- Light and Accomodation EOM- Extraoccular Movement ABBREVIATIONS

19. ICD CODES H53.009 -Unspecified amblyopia, unspecified eye H16.013 -Central corneal ulcer, bilateral H53.2 –Diplopia H40 – Glaucoma H18.609 - Keratoconus , unspecified, unspecified eye CPT PROCEDURE CODES 67700-blepharotomy drainage of abcess 65710-keratoplasty anterior lamellar