Factors affecting growth and development

Jays george
Msc Nursing

1. FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT SUBMITTED TO ; MRS . NISHA MANE ASSOC. PROFESSOR D.Y.P.S.O.N SUBMITTED TO , MISS . JAYS GEORGE 1 ST YEAR MSC(N) D.Y.P.S.O.N

2. INTRODUCTION The Process Of Growth And Development Starts Before The Baby Born I.E. From The Conception In The Mothers Womb. The Period Extends Through Out The Life Cycle , But The Principle Changes From The Conception To The End Of Adolescence. Growth And Development Are Closely Interrelated. Each Child Has Individualised Pattern Of Growth And Development.

3. DEFINITIONS

4. GROWTH This is the process of physical maturation. refers to an increase in physical size of the whole body and various organs . It occurs by multiplication of cells and an increase in intracellular substance. It is a quantitative changes of the body. It can be measured in Kg, pounds, meters, inches, etc. It is progressive and measurable phenomenon.

5. CHILD GROWTH (IMAGE: WHO)

6. CHANGES IN BODILY PROPORTIONS WITH AGE

7. DEVELOPMENT It Is The Process Of Functional And Physiological Maturation Of The Individual. It Is Progressive Increase In Skill And Capacity To Function . It Is Related To Maturation And Myelination Of The Nervous System, It Includes Psychological , Emotional And Social Changes. It Is Qualitative Aspect Of Maturation And Difficult To Measure. It Is Orderly.

8. MATURATION It Is An Increase In Competence And Changes In Behaviour And Ability To Function At A Higher Level Depending Upon The Genetic Inheritance

9. IMPORTANCE OF GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT FOR NURSES : To Learn What To Expect From A Particular Child At Particular Age. To Assess The Normal Growth And Development Of Children. Gaining Better Understanding Of The Reasons Behind Illnesses. Helping In Formulating The Plan Of Care. Helping In Parents’ Education In Order To Achieve Optimal Growth & Development At Each Stage

10. STAGES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT PRENATAL Embryonic (Conception- 8 W) Foetal Stage (8-40 Or 42 W) INFANCY Neonate Birth To End Of 1 Month Infancy 1 Month To End Of 1 Year

11. EARLY CHILDHOOD Toddler 1-3 Years Preschool 3-6 Years MIDDLE CHILDHOOD School age 6 to 12 years

12. LATE CHILDHOOD Adolescent 13 Years To Approximately 18 Years

13. FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT HEREDITY OR GENETIC FACTORS : The heredity of a man and women determined that of a children. Some children's are small not because of endocrine and nutritional disturbances but because of their genetic constitution. Health history of parents is studied to determine the hereditary traits likely to exist in the children .

14. Sex : After Birth The Male Infant Is Both Longer And Heavier Than The Female Infant. Boys Maintain These Superiority Until About 11 Years Of Age. Girls Mature Earlier , Reach The Period Of Accelerated Growth Earlier Than Boys And Are Taller On The Average , Bone Development Is More Advanced In Girls During Prepubertal Spurt Of Growth And Development. Earlier Eruption Of The Permanent Teeth In Girls.

15. RACE AND NATIONALITY : Race : Distinguishing Characteristics Called Racial Or Subracial Development In Prehistoric Humans As Too Height , Tall And Short. Nationality : We Think Of Physical Characteristics Of National Groups Because The Inhabitants Of Various Nations

16. ENVIRONMENT PRENATAL ENVIRONMENT : Prenatal Environment Is Very Important For Intra Uterine Development Of The Foetus ,Particularly Since The Uterus Shields The Foetus From The Full Impact Of External Adverse Condition . HARMFUL PRENATAL FACTORS : The Foetus May Suffer From Nutritional Deficiencies When The Mothers Diet Is Insufficient In Quantity Or Quality. Mechanical Problems May Be Present Owing To Malposition In Utero.

17. Endocrine Disturbances In Mother Affect The Foetus. Erythroblastosis Foetalis Due To Rh- Incompatibility Of Blood Types Of Mother And Foetus. Smoking Or The Use Of Certain Drugs Such As Alcohol And Phenytoin May Result In Prematurity Or Deformity Of The Child.

18. POSTNATAL ENVIRONMENT : EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT : CULTURAL INFLUENCES – Cultural Influences Has A Major Role In The Pattern Of Growth And Development. The Effect Of A Particular Culture On A Child Begins Birth Because Of The Manner In Which Culture View And Treats The Members Of The Pregnant Women's Family. The place to which mother deliver the baby also determined by the culture .

19. After The Birth ,The Child Is Cared For According To The Culturally Sanctioned Pattern Of Child Rearing . The Child Is Fed The Diet That Is Dictated , Dressed In Appropriate Clothing And Given Health Care As Defined By The Culture. The Child Learns The Language Of The Family And Begins To Internalize The Tracts And Observations Of Cultural Group. Ideals Human Values And Disciplinary Practices Are Learned By Children Determined By There Particular Culture.

20. SOCIOECNOMIC STATUS OF THE FAMILY - The Environment Of The Lower Socioeconomic Group May Be Less Favourable Than That Of The Middle And Upper Groups. Parents In Financial Circumstances Are Less Likely To Understand The Principles Of Modern Scientific Child Care ,The Principles Of Modern Scientific Child Care ,They Lack Money To Buy The Essential Of Health And Diet And Often They Are Unable ,Unwilling Or Unsure Of How To Obtain Medical Care And Hospital.

21. NUTRITION - Nutrition Is Related To Both The Quantitative And Qualitative Supply Of Food Elements, Proteins ,Fats , Carbohydrates, Minerals And Vitamins . If These Essential Nutrients Are Received In The Balanced Amounts Necessary To Sustain Life ,To Promote Growth And Development , A Child Is Well Nourished. The Nutritional Needs Of The Children's Depends On The Age, Sex, Rate Of Growth And Level Of Activity. During Periods Of Rapid Growth Such As The Prenatal Period, Infancy, Puberty And Adolescent The Need For Protein And Calorie Is Increased.

22. CLIMATE AND SEASONS – Climate Variations Influences The Infants Health .During The Summer Seasons ,Children Are More Prone To Suffer From Diarrhoeal Diseases And Cholera. The Seasons Of The Year Influences Growth Rates In Height And Weight, Especially In Older Children(weight Gain Are Lowest In Spring And Early Summers) And Greatest In Late Summer And Autumn.

23. DEVIATIONS FROM POSITIVE HEALTH - These May Be Caused By Hereditary Or Congenital Conditions Such As Illness Or Injury And May Result In Altered Levels Of Growths And Development. Hereditary Or Congenital Conditions May Contribute To Growth Impairment Or To An Increase Height .Conditions Causing Shortened Stature Include Various Type Of Dwarfism Turners Syndrome And X Y Turner Phenotype Among Others. Long Term Are Chronic Illness Of Any Type May Have An Adverse Effect On Growth And Development

24. Certainly Illness Like Cystic Fibrosis Or Malabsorption Syndrome May Lead To Growth Retardation . Long Term Illness Such As Congenital Cardiac Anomalies Or Chronic Infections That Are Present During Rapid Growth Period Have A Temporary Or Permanent Delaying Effect On The Achievement Of Normal Growth And Development.

25. EXERCISE – Exercise , There By Increasing The Circulation Promotes Physiological Activity And Stimulates Muscular Development Favour Growth And Development. ORDINAL POSITION IN THE FAMILY – The Behaviour Of Parent Towards And Their Expectations Of Each Child Are Different , Yet Predictable , According To The Child Position In The Family . The Ordinal Position Of The Child Has A Bearing On The Parent- Child Relationship And The Child Rearing Practices That Are Following.

26. The First Born Child May Be Raised Rigidly And With Anxiety Because Less Experience Of The Parents About Child Care , Child Develops Perfectionistic Personality That Do The Later Sibling And Is More Conforming ,Intelligent And Achievement Oriented .The First Born May Learn At An Early Age To Control And Organize The Behaviour Of Others. An Only Child Is Likely To Develop More Rapidly Intellectually Than Are Children With Siblings Because Constant Companionship With Adult Is Mentally Stimulating .An Only Child May Be Dependent To Others.

27. Motor Development May Be How Because Single Children Do Not Have Other Siblings To Lead Them To Various Activities. The Middle Child Many Times Get Him Attention From The Parents Than Does The First Born ,Especially .If Their Both Dates Are Close Together. The Child Between The First Born And The Youngest Learn How To Be Adaptable And How To Compromise Traits That Will Be Valuable In Adult Life .

28. The Youngest Child May Be Relatively Slow In Certain Areas Of Development Because Of Finding Little Need For Exploring The Unknown .They Receives Great Deal Of Love And Affection And Tends To Develop A Good Natured ,Friendly, Warm Personality And High Self Esteem . The Youngest Child In A Family Tends To Be More Oriented ,Less Intellectually Inclined And Less Achievement Oriented Than The Older Siblings.

29. INTERNAL ENVIROMENT : INTELLIGENCE – It Is Correlated To Some Degree Of Physical Development ,That Is The Child Of High Intelligence Is Likely To Be Taller And Better Developed Than In The Less Gifted Child Intelligence Influence Mental And Social Development . HORMONAL INFLUENCES - All The Hormones In The Body Affect Growth In Some Manner .Although Three Hormones Such As Somatotropin ,Thyroid Hormones And

30. PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT GROWTH PROCEEDS FROM THE HEAD DOWN TO THE TAIL OR IN CEPHALOCAUDAL DIRECTION . This Is Evident During The Period Of Gestation And The First Year Of Gestation And The First Year Of Life. Before Birth , The Head end Of The Embryo And Foetus Enlarges And Develops Before The Tail End Does .Postnatally The Infant Can Control The Movement Of The Head Before Being Able To Stand Or Control The Feet .

31. GROWTH PROCEEDS FROM THE CENTRE OR MIDLINE OF THE BODY TO THE PERIPHERY , OR IN A PROXIMO-DISTAL During The Prenatal Period, The Limb Buds Develop Before The Rudimentary Fingers And Toes. During Infancy , The Large Muscles Of The Arms And Legs Are Subject To Voluntary Control Earlier Than Are Fine Muscles Of The Hands And Feet .

32. DEVELOPMENT DEPENDS ON MATURATION AND LEARNING Maturation Refers To The Sequential Characteristics Of Biological Growth And Development . The Biological Changes Occur In Sequential Orders And Changes In The Brain And Nervous System Account Largely For Maturation. These Changes In The Brain And Nervous System Help Children To Improve Cognitive Abilities And Motor Skills.

33. DEVELOPMENT PROCEEDS FROM SIMPLE TO COMPLEX . Children's Development Is From Very Broad , Global Pattern Of Behaviour ,More Specific , Defined Patterns Emerge. All Areas Of Development Physical , Mental , Social And Emotional Proceed In This Direction

34. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IS CONTINUOUS PROCESS. As A Child Develops , He/she Adds To The Skill Already Acquired And New Skills Become The Basis For The Further Achievements And Mastery Of Skills. E.g.; In Motor Development , There Is A Predictable Sequence Of Development That Occur Before Walking. The Infant Lifts And Turn The Head Before He/she Can Turn Over. Infant Can Move There Limbs Before Grasping An Object.

35. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT PROCEEDS FROM THE GENERAL TO SPECIFIC As Growth Proceeds , Child Learn Specific Activities .In Motor Development , The Infant Will Be Able To Grasp An Object With The Whole Hand Before Using Only The Thumb Or Forefinger.

36. PRINCIPLES OF LACK OF UNIFORMITY ON THE DEVELOPMENT RATE Development Though Continuous Does Not Exhibit Steadiness And Uniformity In Teens Of The Rate Of Development On Various Dimensions Of Personality Or In The Developmental Period And Stages Of Life ,Thus Instead Of Steadiness Development Usually Takes Place In First And Starts Showing Almost No Changes As One Time And A Sudden Spirit At Another .

37. PRINCIPLE OF PREDICTABILITY Development In Predictable ,Which Means That With The Help Of The Uniformity Of The Pattern And Sequence Of Development To A Great Extent, The General Nature And Behavioural Of A Child In One Or More Aspects. Eg :-1) With The Knowledge Of The Development Of The Bones Of A Child It In One Or More Aspects. 2) With In The Knowledge Of The Bones Of A Child It Is Possible To Predict His Adult Structure And Size.

38. PRINCIPLE OF INTERACTION The Process Of Development Involves Active Interaction Between The Forces The Individual And The Forces Belonging To His Environment .

39. PRINCIPLES OF INTERRILATION The Various Aspects Or Dimensions Of Ones Growth And Development Are Interrelated . A Healthy Body Tends To Develop A Healthy Mind And An Emotionally Stables And Socially Consciousness Personality. Inadequate Physical Or Mental Development May On The Other Hand Result In A Socially Or Emotionally Maladjusted Personality .

40. THERE IS INDIVIDUALISED RATES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Each child is different and the rates at which the individual children growth is different from other child. Although the patterns and sequences for the growth and development usually same for all, children reach developmental stages will be different . There is a range of ages for any development task to take place ,This dismisses the Notion of the “average child ” .

41. Some children will walk at 10 months ,While others will walk at 18 months of age . Some children are more active while others are more passive. Rates of growth and development are not uniform with in an individual child.

42. CONCLUSION The process of growth and development starts before the baby born i.e. from the conception in the mothers womb the period extends through out the lifestyle .The study of growth and development is essential to the nurses to provide appropriate care to the children.