FDA-Fire detection and alarm system

fire detection and alarm system

1. FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM SUBMITTED BY M.NASHREEN FATHIMA (182202601006)

2. INTELLIGENT BUILDING Intelligent building is a building that uses both technology and process to create an environment that is safe, healthy and comfortable to everyone. It is the one which provides a productive and cost-effective environment through optimization of four basic element: Structure System Services Management

3. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL AND INTELLIGENT BUILDING CONVETIONAL BUILDING INTELLIGENT BUILDING 1. Ordinary building there will be different room conditions depending on the changes in the environmental conditions. 1. Intelligent building adjusts the inside functional aspects such as lighting, ventilation, fire-fighting, air conditioning etc., automatically with the changes in environmental conditions controlled by computer. 2. The security system, communication system are not coordinated and automatically controlled by computer work station. 2. The security system , communication system, etc. are coordinated and automatically controlled by computer work station

4. FEATURES OF INTELLIGENT BUILDING

5. PRICIPLE OF FIRE DETECTOR A flame detector is a sensor designed to detect and respond to the presence of a flame or fire, allowing flame detection. All Fire Alarm Systems essentially operate on the same principle. If a detector detects smoke or heat, or someone operates a break glass unit, then alarm sounders operate to warn others in the building that there may be a fire .

6. NEED OF FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM Detect fire in the areas Notify building occupants to take evasive action to escape from the dangerous of a hostile fire. Summon organized assistance to initiate or assist in fire control activities. Initiate automatic fire control and control systems and to sound alarm. Supervise fire control and control systems to assure operational status is maintained.

7. UNDERSTADING OF FIRE ALARM Fire alarm is mandatory for every building other than small residences. A fire alarm system is required only in important and public buildings (as per Indian Codes in 2008). A fire alarm system consists of fire sensors, such as smoke and heat detectors, located throughout the building, connected to a main alarm panel by special cables.  The panel is in turn connected to a set of hooters or speakers that give an audible alarm throughout the building and its surrounding areas.

8. CONTINUES……. In most areas smoke detectors are used to sense fires they cannot be used in areas like kitchens where smoke is usually present.  In such areas heat detectors are used ( which actually detect a sudden increase in heat) . Devices such as a  manual call point  (a small button placed near exits that can be pressed by anyone who realizes that there is a fire) and a  response indicator  (a small red light that is placed outside a door this lights if the smoke detector inside has been activated in order to tell the fire-fighters the location of the fire) are also used.

9. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF FIRE DETECTOR ALARM SYSTEM INPUT DEVICES CONTROL PANEL OUTPUT DEVICES

10. INPUT DEVICES Input devices can be triggered automatically or manually depending on their working mechanism. Some of the fundamental fire alarm input devices are given below : Detectors Manual call points Input modules

11. CONTINUES……. DETECTORS Detectors have many types depending on which fire indication they detect and their detection principles . Some of the most common detectors are: Smoke detector, heat detectors, flame detectors etc., MANUAL CALL POINTS This device is very important because it enable people to trigger the fire alarm system in case of fire. But people must avoid misusage of manual call points. Otherwise, there will be false alarms in the fire alarm system INPUT MODULES Input module is one of the input devices of a fire alarm system. Input modules are used for integration of fire alarm systems and other electrical or mechanical systems in the building. If the system that is monitored activates, input module informs the fire alarm panel about the incident. This incident does not have to be only fire. It can be earthquake, gas leakage or other emergencies.

12. TYPES OF INPUT DEVICES

13. FIXED TEMPERATURE TYPE Heat detectors have two main classifications of operation, “rate-of-rise” and “fixed temperature”. The heat detector is used to help in the reduction of damaged property. It is triggered when temperature increases . Fixed Temperature Heat Detector works when the heat exceeds a pre-determined temperature, the bi-metal deflects and closes the contact, triggering the fire signal.

14. MECHANISM OF FIXED TEMPERATURE TYPE N ormal condition At fire accident

15. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FIXED HEAT DETECTION ADVANTAGES Lower cost than smoke detector units More reliable than smoke detector units Not affected by dusty or dirty environments Minimal maintenance DISADVANTAGES Slower to respond than smoke detectors Will not detect products of combustion Only suitable for protection of property

16. RATE-OF-RISE TYPE THERMAL DETECTOR Rate of Rise Thermal Detectors triggers the fire alarm when the rate of temperature increase in the surroundings rises above a certain rate. The air in the air chamber will expand and close the contact which is used to generate the alarm . Will initiate an alarm when the rise in temperature exceeds 12-15F per minute

17. MECHANISM OF RATE-OF-RISE TYPE THERMAL DETECTOR

18. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF RATE-OF-RISE TYPE Advantages Responds faster than the fixed temperature detector Not affected by dusty or dirty environments More reliable than smoke detector units Less expensive than smoke detector units Minimal maintenance Disadvantages Slower to respond than smoke detectors Will not detect products of combustion Only suitable for protection of property

19. OUTPUT DEVEICES Most common output devices are sounders, beacons and output modules. Sounders and beacons warn people that there is a fire incident audibly Therefore people can leave the building. These devices save lives in case of emergency. Output module is another fundamental output device in fire alarm systems. They are used for integration of fire alarm systems and other electrical or mechanical systems in the building. Output modules control other systems in case of fire For example, elevators can be directed to ground floor or exhaust fans can be triggered

20. FLAME DETECTOR A flame detector is a  sensor designed to detect and respond to the presence of a flame or fire, allowing flame detection . Responses to a detected flame depend on the installation, but can include sounding an alarm, deactivating a fuel line (such as a  propane or a natural gas line), and activating a fire suppression system.

21. TYPES OF FLAME DETECTOR There are three types of flame detectors currently available. They are : Infrared ( IR) Ultraviolet (UV ) combination of UV and IR . Flame detector type regions

22. Ultraviolet detector Ultraviolet(UV ) detectors work by detecting the UV radiation emitted at the instant of ignition. While capable of detecting fires and explosions within 3–4 milliseconds, a time delay of 2–3 seconds is often included to minimize false alarms which can be triggered by other UV sources such as lightning, arc welding, radiation, and sunlight . UV detectors typically operate with wavelengths shorter than 300  nm to minimize the effects of natural  background radiation .

23. ULTRAVIOLET FLAME DETECTORS A UV detector uses a sensor tube that detects radiation emitted in the 1000 to 3000 angstrom (one ten billionth of a metre) range . It is important to note that ultraviolet radiation from the sun that reaches earth starts at 2800 angstrom. If the detector’s sensor has a wide range then it will be triggered by the sun’s rays. There are sensors available with a range of 1800 to 2500 angstroms .

24. ULTRAVIOLET / INFRARED FLAME DETECTORS A UV/IR detector consists of an UV and single frequency IR sensor paired to form one unit. The two sensors individually operate the same as previously described, but additional circuitry processes signals from both sensors . This means the combined detector has better false alarm rejection capabilities than the individual UV or IR detectors.

25. APPLICATION AND EXAMPLE FOR FLAME DETECTOR APPLICATIONS FOR OPTICAL FLAME DETECTORS ARE: Highly combustible materials are involved Where there is a need for instantaneous response to flame U nsupervised areas require automated fire protection Where there is a large capital investment to be protected EXAMPLES OF ACTUAL INSTALLATIONS ARE: Gasoline transport loading terminals Pipeline pumping stations Refineries Aircraft hangers Automotive paint spray booths Jet engine test cells Offshore drilling and production platforms

26. CRITERIA TO DETERMINE LAYOUT OF THE FIRE DETECTORS The design, construction and operational features of all types of detectors shall be in accordance with relevant standards. The number of fire detectors to be installed is governed by Total area to be protected T ype of building construction air movement & air velocity ceiling obstructions concentration of equipment in the area covered sensitivity required

27. CONTINUE……. Area is divided into zones to be protected Areas above false ceiling and below false flooring shall be considered as separate zones . Under ideal conditions of smooth ceiling and average room size, one detector is recommended to protect the area . Detectors must always installed at the highest point of the ceiling and minimum coverage indicated by manufacture shall be considered. The number of detectors and their location should be so selected that complete coverage is obtained.

28. COMPONENTS OF COMMERCIAL FDA SYSTEM The main components of commercial fire detection systems : Manual alarm stations Automatic fire alarm detectors Supervisory devices Supervised water flow devices Systems designed to meet stringent fire code Monitor Fire Suppression/Sprinkler Systems

29. TYPES OF COMMERCIAL FDA SYSTEM There are three types of commercial fire detection alarm system is there they are : Conventional fire alarm Addressable fire alarm Hybrid fire alarm CONVENTIONAL FIRE ALARM : Conventional fire alarms include a number of different “zones” that are hardwired to central control panel. These systems allow to be able to put separate fire alarms in each section of building and helps to monitor if an alarm is broken.

30. CONTINUE….. ADDRESSABLE FIRE ALARMS: These fire alarms are also called “intelligent systems” as they monitor the fire alarms in building. Addressable alarms allow you to choose between automatic and manual alarms. Each alarm installed in this system has its own address, which allows to see which alarm is working and which are failing. Addressable fire alarms are more expensive because of the monitoring features. HYBRID FIRE ALARMS: Hybrid alarms combine the hardwired zone features of conventional fire alarms with the addressable loops of the addressable fire alarms into a single panel. This combined technology fits some of the settings better than either the addressable or the conventional alarm.

31. COST OF FDA SYSTEM The cost of a fire alarm system is based on the size of your building, the number of floors and square footage being covered, as well as any special adherence to local and federal occupational codes. A basic fire alarm system, which could include smoke, heat and CO2 detectors and alarms with monitoring, for example, can cost anywhere from Rs. 137.72 to Rs. 206.58 per square foot up to Rs. 275.44 to Rs. 413.16 per square foot for a more complex system for a larger building.