Feedstuffs

VTS257

1. Feedstuffs Large Animal Nutrition Swine, Sheep and Goat nutrition

2. Feedstuffs Definition- any component of a diet ( ration) that serves some useful function Functions Provide source of nutrients and energy* Combined to produce rations Modify characteristics of diet* * Denotes a primary functions

3. International Feed ID System System for classifying feedstuffs based on descriptive characteristics Based on the primary nutrient provided by the feedstuff Each feedstuff is assigned an International Feed Number ( IFN)

4. Eight Classes of Feedstuffs Dry roughages Pasture and range grasses Ensiled roughages High energy concentrates Protein sources Minerals Vitamins additives

5. 1. Dry Roughages Bulky feed that has low weight per unit volume High crude fiber content, low protein and fat digestibility A feed is classified as a roughage if it contains >18% crude fiber and <70% total digestible nutrients

6. Dry Roughage Examples Hay: legume ( alfalfa), grass legume, non-legume Straw and chaff Corn cobs Cottenseed hulls Sugarcane byproducts Paper and wood byproducts

7. 2. Pasture and Range Grasses Grazed plants Dormant plants Growing plants Soilage or greenchop Cannery and food crop residues

8. 3. Silages and Haylages Fermented, high moisture feed made from the entire plant, stored in silos corn, sorghum Grass, grass-legume, legume

9. 4. High Energy Concentrate Cereal grains ( milling byproducts of cereal grains) Beet and citrus pulp Molasses Animal, marine, vegetable fats Roots and tubers

10. 5. Protein Supplements Contain > 20% crude protein Animal, avian, marine sources Milk and by-products Legume seeds Brewery and distillery by-products Urea, ammonia

11. 6. Mineral supplements 7. Vitamin supplements Must be added by sources that animal is able to absorb Vitamin concentration in plants and animal tissues varies greatly Plants: vitamin concentration affected by harvesting, processing and storing Animals: liver and kidney are good sources of most vitamins

12. 8. Additives Non-nutritive ingredients added to stimulate growth or performance or improve the efficiency of feed Added in very small quantities Antibiotics, antifungals , antimicrobials Probiotics , buffers Colors, flavors Hormones, enzymes

13. Estimating Nutritional Value of a Feed Goal: estimate how well nutrients in feedstuff matches the animals needs Three methods for estimating Chemical analysis Digestion and balance trials Feeding trials

14. Chemical Analysis Subdivides the components of the feedstuff into general groups ( protein, water, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, vitamins) to estimate the relative amount present Problem: doesn’t estimate how well the animal utilizes the feed

15. Digestion and Balance Trials Measures the digestibility of feed Feed consumption and fecal excretion are measured over period of time Problem: not a true measure because feces contain sloughed cells and tissue

16. Feeding Trials Used extensively Usually done before chemical analysis or digestion and balance trials Can evaluate growth, egg production, wool or milk production

17. Swine Nutrion Porcine Monogastric omnivores Sow- adult female Boar- adult male Piglet – young Farrow- to give birth Gilt- sexually mature female, no litter yet Barrow- castrated male

18. Swine Nutrition- Water Neonates- 80% water, finishing pigs 55% water Requirement is influenced by many factors ( environment, moisture content of food, urine output etc) General guidelines- 1-1 ½ quarts of water per 1 lb of feed consumed Lactating sows require more water Water quality affects it, high TDS>diarrhea, high sulfates should be avoided

19. Swine Nutrition- Energy Required for buildup of lean and fat tissue Nursing pigs- most energy from fat and sugar in milk Growing pigs- most energy from cereal grains Sows and finishing pigs- some energy from VFA ( volatile fatty acids) from large intestine Amount of feed consumed ad libitum is controlled by energy content of diet

20. Energy Source Feedstuffs in Swine Cereal grains ( especially corn) Damaged grains Grain by-products Purified sugars ( sucrose, lactose for piglets) Fat ( tallows , animal and vegetable fats) Processed food waste

21. Swine Nutrition- protein and amino acids Pig carcasses contain about 50% muscle, ~ 8% of the whole body is edible protein Pigs need 10 essential amino acids to maintain tissues Phenylalanine, valine , tryptophan, threonine , isoleucine , methionine , histidine , arginine , leucine and lysine Lysine is the first limiting amino acid, high requirements but low content in feedstuff like corn

22. Protein cont Most porcine diets are based on corn and soybean meal, corn is low in lysine Amino acid requirements for protein accretion is higher than for maintenance Plant protein sources: soybeans Animal proteins: byproducts of meat packing, fish meal and dried milk Bacteria and synthetic amino acids

23. Swine Minerals Ca/P- limestone and oyster shells NaCl - inadequate amounts suppress feed intake I- require supplementation, soybean and grain deficient Fe- injected in piglets, milk deficient, lasts 3 weeks Mg- usually present in diet Z – supplemented to prevent parakeratosis

24. Swine Vitamins Vit A- supplemented due to def. in corn, breaks down with processing, dehydrated alfalfa is a good source VitD – absent in feedstuffs, expose to sunlight or use sun-cured hays or fish oils in diet Vit E- req throughout life, legume hay, green forage, cereal grains Vit K- synthesized in hind gut fermentation (need access to feces), supplement in confinement

25. Vitamin, mineral and additives for swine Minerals- trace mineral salt Vitamins- alfalfa meal, fermentation by-products, animal protein Additives- antibiotics, anthelmintics etc

26. Swine Nutritional Diseases Amino acid deficiency- anemia, edema, immunocompromise , impaired growth Parakeratosis - occurs between, the 6-16 th week, from low zinc, high calcium diet, bilateral abnormal keratinization of the skin forming horny scales, starts as brown spots on abdomen

27. Swine feeding management Pre- breeding- gilt bred at 7-8 mos , flushing- 1-2 weeks prior to breeding to increase ovulation and litter size, also add antibiotics Gestation- normal nutritional needs for first two trimesters. Majority of growth in last month. Overweight sows are more likely to crush piglets Farrowing - laxative of wheat bran or dried beet pulp, 10-15% of diet, high antibiotics

28. Nutrition cont Lactation- requirements 3-4 times higher than during gestation (12-16 lbs fed daily); produce 2.5lbs milk per piglet. If restricted, bone fractures or paralysis can occur Nursing pigs- all nutrients from sow during first 2 weeks. High nutrient requirements are all met by milk, must supplement iron ( injection) begin eating dry food at 2 weeks

29. Sheep Nutrition Ovine Ruminant herbivores Ewe- female of reproductive age Ram- intact male of reproductive age Lamb- young of either sex Wether - neutered adult male Mutton- meat derived from adult sheep

30. Water Limiting nutrient in many areas Quality more important to sheep than any other livestock species ( odor, bacteria, minerals) Intake influenced by feed, vegetation, protein intake, environmental temperature, rain, dew and snowfall

31. Water requirements 1 gallon per 4 lbs of dry feed consumed More water when air temp is > 70F Less intake if water temp is <40 or > 50F Lower requirement with daily rain, heavy dew or soft wet snow Lower requirement when eating silage, succulent or range forage

32. Energy for Sheep Insufficient energy from low intake or poor quality feed Energy deficiency reduces growth, fertility, wool quality, death High energy needs: Immediately before and after lambing Flushing ewes and rams for breeding Finishing lambs

33. Energy feedstuffs for Sheep Good quality pasture, hay, silage Grains: barley, corn, wheat, oats and milo Precautions when feeding wheat grain- lambs susceptible to acute indigestion

34. Sheep nutrition- protein Usually quantity is more important than quality due to bacterial conversion in rumen Microbial protein synthesis supplies protein needs except when lactating or very young lambs Add extra protein feeds when pastures are mature or when feeding creep rations

35. Protein source feedstuffs for sheep Green pastures, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, alfalfa hay, urea ( sometimes)\ Urea levels: <1% of total ration No urea in young lambs, creep rations, straw, poor quality hay or lambs on limited feed

36. Minerals for sheep NaCl - usually provided ½ to ¾ lb per ewe/month Ca/P- highest need during lactation, provide leafy legumes for Ca, grains for P I in salt, Co in legumes Se- narrow margin of safety, deficiency leads to white muscle disease Zinc- needed for normal testicular development

37. Vitamins for sheep Vit A- can store excess for 6-12 months Vit D- fast growing lambs kept inside may show problems Vit E- low selenium leads to Vit E deficiency Vit K- synthesized in rumen Vit C- synthesized by tissues

38. Vitamin and mineral feedstuffs Vitamins- green feeds, germs of seeds, sun- cured hay Minerals- leafy legumes, grains, trace mineral salt mix

39. Sheep nutritional diseases Enterotoxemia type D- intestinal toxins present in blood, caused by stress and sudden diet changes, vaccinate lambs prior to weaning Urinary calculi- common in rams and wethers in drylot , results from Ca/P ration imbalance and decreased water intake

40. Sheep Feed Management Pre-breeding- ewe is flushed for 4-6 weeks, 2 weeks prior to breeding and continuing for 2-3 weeks after breeding. Flushed either on high quality pasture or ¼ to ½ lb of grain or pellets per day. Treat for internal parasites and trim hooves Gestation- 70% of fetal growth happens in the last 6 weeks of gestation

41. Late pregnancy feed requirement 50% more feed if single lamb 75% more feed if twin lambs Add grain to high roughage diet for more energy Lactation- max milk production 2-3 weeks post parturition. Feed three times her maintenance requirement, must increase protein to make milk

42. Nursing lambs- born with on functioning rumen. Colostrum is a must within first 12-18 hours. If no ewe colostrum , can use fresh cow colostrum . Creep feeding used for early weaning and getting lambs to market

43. Goat Nutrition Caprine Ruminant herbivores Doe- female buck- intact male Kid- baby goat of either sex Wether - castrated male Inquisitive feeding behavior Raised for meat, milk, fiber and hides

44. Goat feeding behavior Confinement feeding- will pick and choose This leads to Composition of consumed diet differs from formulated diet Goats will eat more if they have more to select, so offer less feed to force them to choose more of the desired diet

45. Range feeding- active forager, browses all plant types including trees, shrubs, grasses creating a browse line. Will sometimes defoliate one type of plant. Goats grazing hilly terrain have higher energy requirements than those on level terrain

46. Goat nutrition- water Requirements Intake is related to feed intake and feed intake correlates to productivity Free access to good quality water More sensitive to water quality, won’t touch urine or feces contaminated water Lactation increases needs

47. Goat nutrition- energy Wide variances among breed, productivity, production and size Mostly from carbs and low levels or fat ( high fat inhibits rumen fermentation) Excess fat is stored in the body around internal organs Consume more dry matter than other livestock species

48. Energy source feedstuffs for goats Forages- alfalfa hay, bermuda grass hay Grains- corn, sorghum, oats Other- molasses

49. Goat nutrion - protein Most expensive component of diet Needed to support rumen fermentation and supply amino acids Unlike fat, excess is not stored Vary with developmental stage Protein feedstuffs for goats: soybean meal, fish meal, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal

50. Goat nutrition- minerals Ca/P – needed for bone and milk production Phosphorus is met with high diet selectivity Only salt should be provided free choice Lush pasture deficient in magnesiou

51. Goat nutrition- vitamins Only vitamin A is likely to be deficient Occurs in confinement fed goats in dry cold weather Occurs in range fed goats when vegetation contains little or no green plant material

52. Goat nutritional diseases Enterotoxemia - can occur after high intake of immature succulent forage. Toxin is produced by Clostridium perfringens type D Urinary calculi- can occur when Ca and P rations are unbalanced