FERMENTATION VS HYDRATION OF ETHENE (1).pptx

ORGANIC CHEM

1. FERMENTATION VS HYDRATION OF ETHENE ARNOLD AND CALVIN

2. FERMENTATION SUGAR FROM NATURAL PLANT EXTRACTS IS A REACTANT THE GENERAL FORMULA FOR THE SUGARS IS C 6 H 12 6 THE EQUATION IS C 6 H 12 6  2C 2 H 5 OH + 2C0 2 (Glucose is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide by yeast or bacteria). Note that this reaction happens far too slow for industrial use so it needs to be catalyzed by the enzymes of a fungus called yeast.

3. HYDRATION OF ETHENE NB this is not ethene +

4. ETHENE IS AN ALKENE AND HAS A MOLECULAR FORMULA OF C 2 H 4 ETHANOL IS AN ALCOHOL AND HAS A MOLECULAR FORMULA OF C 2 H 5 OH Steam reacts with ethane, breaking the double bond, allowing addition of H 2 O and phosphoric acid is used as a catalyst. + 

5. COMPARISONS FERMENTATION HYDRATION MATERIALS SUGAR ETHENE CONDITIONS Occurs at relatively mild conditions: temperature of around 25–35°C and normal atmospheric pressure. Requires the presence of yeast or other microorganisms. Anaerobic conditions are necessary (absence of oxygen). Requires more extreme conditions, such as high temperatures (300°C) and high pressures (60–70 atm ).A phosphoric acid catalyst on silica is used. Industrial-scale process requires specialized equipment. YIELD AND PURITY Produces ethanol at a concentration of around 15%, as higher ethanol levels inhibit yeast activity. The ethanol must be purified via distillation to increase concentration and remove water and impurities. Typically has a lower yield due to biological limitations and side reactions Produces nearly pure ethanol directly, as the reaction is more controlled and there are fewer side products. High yield and efficiency, close to 100% conversion under optimized conditions. Produces nearly pure ethanol directly, as the reaction is more controlled and there are fewer side products. High yield and efficiency, close to 100% conversion under optimized conditions.

6. RENEWABILITY Uses renewable resources, like plants (sugarcane, corn), which makes it a more sustainable process. However, it requires significant agricultural resources, and large-scale production can have environmental impacts such as deforestation or use of arable land. Uses non-renewable resources like crude oil or natural gas to produce ethene.This method is dependent on fossil fuels and contributes to the depletion of these resources. INDUSTRIAL SCALE AND USAGE Widely used for the production of bioethanol, which is used as a renewable fuel or fuel additive (biofuel).Also used in traditional industries like brewing and winemaking. Mainly used in the chemical industry to produce ethanol for industrial purposes, such as solvents, pharmaceuticals, and other chemicals.Preferred in large-scale industrial production due to its efficiency and control.

7. COMPARISONS HYDRATION OF ETHENE IS FASTER AND MORE EFFICIENT COMPARED TO FERMENTATION AS NO WASTE PRODUCT IS FORMED. ( THE CARBON DIOXIDE FORMED FROM FERMENTATION) ETHENE IS CRACKED FROM CRUDE OIL WHICH IS A NON RENEWABLE RESOURCE SO IT WILL NOT BE ABLE TO BE REPEATED CONTINUOUSLY WHILE PLANT SUGARS ARE RENEWABLE. ETHENE REQUIRES MUCH MORE ENERGY AS THE CRUDE OIL HAS TO BE HEATED TO A VERY HIGH TEMPERATURE AND THE WATER HAS TO BE CONVERTED TO STEAM WHILE FERMENTATION CAN OCCUR AT ONLY 37 DEGREES.

8. QUESTIONS 1.