Fertilisation and the stages of prenatal development.pptx

Fertilsation and the stages of prenatal dev

1. Fertilisation and the stages of prenatal development

2. Key Terms. Term Definition Amniotic fluid   Antenatal   Blastocyst   Cell differentiation   Chromosomes   Endometrium   Fertilisation   Fertility   Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)   Genes   Implantation   Low birthweight   Neural tube defect   Parenting   Placenta   Risk factor   Teratogen  

3. Key Knowledge and Key Skills. Learning Intentions: To learn and understand: The role of parents, carers and/or the family environment in determining the optimal development of children through understanding of:   fertilisation and the stages of prenatal development  risk and protective factors related to prenatal development such as maternal diet and the effects of smoking and alcohol during pregnancy   the impact of early life experiences on future health  Success Criteria: To be able to: I can analyse factors to be considered and resources required for the transition to parenthood.  I can explain factors that influence development during the prenatal and early childhood stages of the lifespan.  

4. The process of fertilisation.

5. Did you know? A woman is born with all of her eggs, approximately 1 million of them! Whereas a male starts producing sperm at puberty. He can then produce approximately 1000 of them per second!

6. Fertilisation - the fusing of a sperm and an egg cell. Marks the beginning of pregnancy. Also known as conception.

7. The process of fertilisation.

8. The process of fertilisation.

9. Zygote - A single cell. The zygote contains 23 chromosomes from the egg and 23 chromosomes from the sperm.

10. Summary table Draw the table in your books: Stage Duration Characteristics   Germinal         Embryonic         Foetal      

11. Germinal Stage Once fertilisation occurs, pregnancy commences. The first stage is called the germinal stage. It begins at fertilisation and ends at implantation. Cell differentiation- an outer cell (placenta) and inner cell (baby)

12. Embryonic stage.

13. Embryonic stage Inside Pregnancy: Weeks 1-9 | BabyCenter (youtube.com)

14. Foetal stage.

15. The placenta By week 14, the placenta is fully developed and functioning. The placenta is a temporary organ that allows the transfer of nutrients, gases and wastes between mother and foetus.   It supplies oxygen, nutrients and immune support, and removes wastes such as urine and carbon dioxide. BabyCenter Video Weeks 10-14: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sivegxcp2Bk

16. Foetal stage BabyCenter Video 15-20 weeks https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VsjcqkOjp0U 21-27 weeks: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lw0M-HTlMoo 28-37 weeks: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BIzb-IqF4i8 Labour and birth: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BgZ5z6RB06c

17. The role of parents in achieving optimal prenatal development Risk and protective factors.

18. Antenatal care. Understanding risk and protective factors during the prenatal stage is extremely important so the foetus can achieve optimal health and wellbeing throughout life. Accessing antenatal care is essential. Antenatal care provides check ups of the mother of baby and provides education and advice of what to do/ not to do, as well as medical interventions if necessary.

19. Risk and protective factors

20. Maternal diet A women’s nutritional status during pregnancy is dependent of the nutritional reserves that are built up in a women’s body prior to conception. Women who have deficiencies prior to conceiving are likely to continue into pregnancy. Essential nutrients include folate, iodine and iron.

21. Protective nutrients. Nutrient Effects on foetus. Food sources. Folate B-group vitamin. Required for the formation of red blood cells. Reduces the risk of neural tube defects. Green leafy vegetables. Poultry. Eggs. Citrus fruits. Legumes. Iodine Healthy development of baby’s brain and nervous system. Deficiencies can lead to stunted growth and intellectual disability. Fish. Seaweed. Eggs. Iodised salt. Iron Iron is needed for haemoglobin=component of blood that carries oxygen. Required in large amounts in due to increased demand for oxygen for the abby and energy needs of the mother. Red meat. Liver. Egg yolks. Green leafy vegetables. Nuts.

22. Foods to avoid. Maternal diet can be a risk factor for the developing foetus. Some foods contain a bacteria called listeria which can increase risk of miscarriage, stillbirth or premature labour. They include; Soft serve ice-cream Unpasteurised foods and soft cheeses such as camembert, brie and ricotta unless cooked or served hot Pre- cooked or prepared cold foods such as quiches, deli meats, salads from buffets, pate Raw seafood such as sashimi, oysters and smoked seafood such as salmon.

23. Smoking. Smoking can lead to a number of conditions for both the mother and her unborn baby. Chemicals reduce the oxygen flow to the placenta and exposes the foetus to numerous toxins. Fathers who smoke can have their fertility affected. Second hand smoking has the same impacts as smoking.

24. Impacts of smoking during pregnancy. Smoking increases the risk of; Low birthweight Miscarriage Premature birth Complications of the placenta Birth defects Lung abnormalities and respiratory conditions Low birth weight babies suffer greater risk of complications such as; Low oxygen levels at birth Inability to maintain body temperature Difficulty feeding and gaining weight Breathing problems and respiratory conditions (caused by immature lungs) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

25. Alcohol use. Alcohol can interfere with fertility. Alcohol crosses the placenta from the mother’s blood to the baby’s blood which can cause significant harm to the baby. This can result in Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD).

26. FASD A foetus affected by FASD is at risk of dying before birth. Alcohol harms the nervous system, including the brain.