FEVER OR PYREXIA .pptx

FEVER OR PYREXIA

1. FEVER/PYREXIA PRESENTED BY: M.C. KNIRANDA ASSISTANT PROFESSOR SON, KU.

2. INTRODUCTION A body temperature above the usual range is called fever. A person with an increased body temperature is said to be febrile. It results from a response to bacterial or viral infections .

3. Fever / Pyrexia : An abnormal elevation of body temperature above the normal range (36.5°C – 37.5°C), caused by a disturbance in the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center, usually due to infection or inflammation . Hyperpyrexia : Extremely high fever (>41°C). DEFINITION

4. Infections Bacterial (e.g., pneumonia, tuberculosis) Viral (e.g., influenza, COVID-19) Parasitic (e.g., malaria) Inflammatory conditions Autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) Tissue injury, trauma, surgery Other causes Malignancies (cancer) Heat stroke Drugs (drug-induced fever) CAUSES OF FEVER

5. STAGES/PHASES OF FEVER DESCRIPTION Invasive or onset : It is the phase of starting of rising temperature. It may be sudden or gradual. Fastigium or stadium In this phase, fever reaches its maximum degree and remains constant at high level. Decline In this phase, the high temperature comes back to normal. It may be sudden or gradual. Crisis It means a sudden decrease in temperature. It may take few hours or a day. In true crisis, there will be improvement in the patient’s condition. In false crisis, there is no improvement in the patient’s condition. Lysis It means a gradual decrease in temperature. It may take two or three days. STAGES/PHASES OF FEVER

6. Continuous Fever Remittent Fever Intermittent Fever Relapsing Fever Hectic / Septic Fever Low-grade Fever Hyperpyrexia TYPES OF FEVER

7. 1. Continuous Fever Definition : Body temperature remains above normal throughout the day. Fluctuations are less than 1°C (1.8°F) in 24 hours Examples : Typhoid fever Urinary tract infection Pneumonia TYPES OF FEVER

8. 2. Remittent Fever Definition: Body temperature remains above normal throughout the day. Fluctuations are more than 2°C (3.6°F) in 24 hours, but temperature never becomes normal. Examples: Infective endocarditis Septicemia Tuberculosis TYPES OF FEVER

9. 3. Intermittent Fever Definition: Fever occurs only for a few hours, followed by normal temperature in between. Regular intervals of fever and normal temperature. Examples : Malaria Kala- azar Pyemia TYPES OF FEVER

10. 4. Relapsing Fever Definition: Episodes of fever lasting several days, followed by fever-free periods of days, then fever returns. Examples: Borrelia infection Hodgkin’s lymphoma ( Pel-Ebstein fever) TYPES OF FEVER

11. 5. Hectic / Septic Fever Definition: High swing of temperature (often between 39–41°C) with rapid fluctuations in short time. Associated with sepsis or suppurative infections. Examples: Abscess Tuberculosis with cavity formation TYPES OF FEVER

12. 6. Low-grade Fever Definition: Mild elevation of temperature, usually between 37.2–38°C . Persists for weeks or months. Examples: Tuberculosis Chronic infections Rheumatic fever TYPES OF FEVER

13. 7. Hyperpyrexia Definition: Extremely high temperature above 41°C (105.8°F) . Examples : Severe infections (e.g., malaria, sepsis) Typhoid fever Tetanus TYPES OF FEVER

14. Feature Heat Cramps Heat Exhaustion Heat Stroke Definition Painful muscle cramps from electrolyte loss Moderate heat illness from dehydration Life-threatening high body temp (>40°C) Cause Loss of salt & water during activity Prolonged heat & dehydration Severe heat exposure, impaired thermoregulation Temp Slightly elevated (37–38°C) High (38–40°C) Very high (>40°C) Skin Moist, sweaty Cool, moist Hot, dry, flushed Pulse/BP Mild increase Rapid pulse, low BP Rapid, weak pulse; hypotension Symptoms Muscle cramps, fatigue, thirst Weakness, dizziness, headache, nausea Confusion, seizures, unconsciousness, nausea Management Rest, electrolyte fluids, stretching Cool place, fluids, monitor vitals Emergency! Rapid cooling, IV fluids, monitor vitals Severity Mild Moderate Severe DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HEAT CRAMPS, HEAT EXHAUSTION AND HEAT STROKE

15. NURSING MANAGEMENT OF FEVER